Rapid CSS 2005 v6.2.0.55 serial key or number

Rapid CSS 2005 v6.2.0.55 serial key or number

Rapid CSS 2005 v6.2.0.55 serial key or number

Rapid CSS 2005 v6.2.0.55 serial key or number

November 2005 News Archive

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Copyright 2005 by Bill Fox All rights reserved.
Last Updated: Nov. 30, 2005

Note: Use "Find" under your browser's "Edit" or "Search" Menu to search each month's archive.

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[11/30]Brief Hands-On Report--Apple Released Security Update 2005-009: The update is available via the Software Update application or as standalone files for Mac OS X 10.4.x (Tiger) client and server and 10.3.9 (Panther) client and server. According to the 10.4.x client Read Me file,

Security Update 2005-009 delivers a number of security enhancements and is recommended for all Macintosh users.

This update includes the following components:

apache_mod_ssl
CoreFoundation
CoreTypes
curl
iodbcadmin
OpenSSL
Safari
sudo
syslog

Here are the details:

Security Update 2005-009 delivers the following security enhancements:

Apache2--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-2088
Available for: Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Cross-site scripting may be possible in certain configurations
Description: The Apache 2 web server may allow an attacker to bypass protections using specially-crafted HTTP headers. This behavior is only present when Apache is used in conjunction with certain proxy servers, caching servers, or web application firewalls. This update addresses the issue by incorporating Apache version 2.0.55.

apache_mod_ssl--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-2700
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: SSL client authentication may be bypassed in certain
configurations
Description: The Apache web server's mod_ssl module may allow an attacker unauthorized access to a resource that is configured to require SSL client authentication. Only Apache configurations that include the "SSLVerifyClient require" directive may be affected. This update addresses the issue by incorporating mod_ssl 2.8.24 and Apache version 2.0.55 (Mac OS X Server).

CoreFoundation--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-2757
Available for: Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Resolving a maliciously-crafted URL may result in crashes or arbitrary code execution
Description: By carefully crafting a URL, an attacker can trigger a heap buffer overflow in CoreFoundation which may result in a crash or arbitrary code execution. CoreFoundation is used by Safari and other applications. This update addresses the issue by performing additional validation of URLs. This issue does not affect systems prior to Mac OS X v10.4.

curl--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-3185
Available for: Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Visiting a malicious HTTP server and using NTLM authentication may result in arbitrary code execution
Description: Using curl with NTLM authentication enabled to download an HTTP resource may allow an attacker to supply an overlong user or domain name. This may cause a stack buffer overflow and lead to arbitrary code execution. This update addresses the issue by performing additional validation when using NTLM authentication. This issue does not affect systems prior to Mac OS X v10.4.

iodbcadmintool--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-3700
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Local users may gain elevated privileges
Description: The ODBC Administrator utility includes a helper tool called iodbcadmintool that executes with raised privileges. This helper tool contains a vulnerability that may allow local users to execute arbitrary commands with raised privileges. This update addresses the issue by providing an updated iodbcadmintool that is not susceptible.

OpenSSL--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-2969
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Applications using OpenSSL may be forced to use the weaker SSLv2 protocol
Description: Applications that do not disable SSLv2 or that enable certain compatibility options when using OpenSSL may be vulnerable to a protocol downgrade attack. Such attacks may cause an SSL connection to use the SSLv2 protocol which provides less protection than SSLv3 or TLS. Further information on this issue is available at this Web page. This update addresses the issue by incorporating OpenSSL version 0.9.7i.

passwordserver--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-3701
Available for: Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Local users on Open Directory master servers may gain elevated privileges
Description: When creating an Open Directory master server, credentials may be compromised. This could lead to unprivileged local users gaining elevated privileges on the server. This update addresses the issue by ensuring the credentials are protected.

Safari--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-2491
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Processing a regular expressions may result in arbitrary code execution
Description: The JavaScript engine in Safari uses a version of the PCRE library that is vulnerable to a potentially exploitable heap overflow. This may lead to the execution of arbitrary code. This update addresses the issue by providing a new version of the JavaScript engine that incorporates more robust input validation.

Safari--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-3702
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Safari may download files outside of the designated download directory
Description: When files are downloaded in Safari they are normally placed in the location specified as the download directory. However, if a web site suggests an overlong filename for a download, it is possible for Safari to create this file in other locations. Although the filename and location of the downloaded file content cannot be directly specified by remote servers, this may still lead to downloading content into locations accessible to other users. This update addresses the issue by rejecting overlong filenames.

Safari--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-3703
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X
v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: JavaScript dialog boxes in Safari may be misleading
Description: In Safari, JavaScript dialog boxes do not indicate the web site that created them. This could mislead users into unintentionally disclosing information to a web site. This update addresses the issue by displaying the originating site name in JavaScript dialog boxes. Credit to Jakob Balle of Secunia Research for reporting this issue.

Safari--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-3705
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Visiting malicious web sites with WebKit-based applications may lead to arbitrary code execution
Description: WebKit contains a heap overflow that may lead to the execution of arbitrary code. This may be triggered by content downloaded from malicious web sites in applications that use WebKit such as Safari. This update addresses the issue by removing the heap overflow from WebKit. Credit to Neil Archibald of Suresec LTD and Marco Mella for reporting this issue.

sudo--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-1993
Available for: Mac OS X v10.3.9, Mac OS X Server v10.3.9, Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: Local users may be able to gain elevated privileges in
certain sudo configurations
Description: Sudo allows system administrators to grant users the ability to run specific commands with elevated privileges. Although the default configuration is not vulnerable to this issue, custom sudo configurations may not properly restrict users. Further information on this issue is available from this Web page. This update addresses the issue by incorporating sudo version
1.6.8p9.

syslog--CVE-ID: CVE-2005-3704
Available for: Mac OS X v10.4.3, Mac OS X Server v10.4.3
Impact: System log entries may be forged
Description: The system log server records syslog messages verbatim. By supplying control characters such as the newline character, a local attacker could forge entries with the intention to mislead the system administrator. This update addresses the issue by specially handling control characters and other non-printable characters. This issue does not affect systems prior to Mac OS X v10.4. Credit to HELIOS Software GmbH for reporting this issue.

Additional Information

Also included in this update are enhancements to Safari to improve handling of credit card security codes (Mac OS X v10.3.9 and Mac OS X v10.4.3), CoreTypes to improve handling of Terminal files (Mac OS X v10.4.3), QuickDraw Manager to improve rendering of PICT files (Mac OS X v10.3.9), documentation regarding OpenSSH and PAM (Mac OS X v10.4.3), and ServerMigration to remove unneeded privileges.

We downloaded and installed Security Update 2005-009 with no problems. Then we used our 1.67GHz 17" Powerbook G4 for several hours without incident. [Bill Fox & Dana Baggett]



[11/30]Brief Hands-On Report--Mozilla Released Firefox 1.5 Web Browser: The final version of Firefox 1.5 is now available from this Mozilla Web page. Here are the Release Notes which cover what's new in Firefox 1.5:

  • Automated update to streamline product upgrades. Notification of an update is more prominent, and updates to Firefox may now be half a megabyte or smaller. Updating extensions has also improved.
  • Faster browser navigation with improvements to back and forward button performance.
  • Drag and drop reordering for browser tabs.
  • Improvements to popup blocking.
  • Clear Private Data feature provides an easy way to quickly remove personal data through a menu item or keyboard shortcut.
  • Answers.com is added to the search engine list.
  • Improvements to product usability including descriptive error pages, redesigned options menu, RSS discovery, and "Safe Mode" experience.
  • Better accessibility including support for DHTML accessibility and assistive technologies such as the Window-Eyes 5.5 beta screen reader for Microsoft Windows. Screen readers read aloud all available information in applications and documents or show the information on a Braille display, enabling blind and visually impaired users to use equivalent software functionality as their sighted peers.
  • Report a broken Web site wizard to report Web sites that are not working in Firefox.
  • Better support for Mac OS X (10.2 and greater) including profile migration from Safari and Mac Internet Explorer.
  • New support for Web Standards including SVG, CSS 2 and CSS 3, and JavaScript 1.6.
  • Many security enhancements.

We downloaded and installed Firefox 1.5 over v1.5RC3. We browsed with the final version for several hours without encountering any problems. We like the Nautipolis theme and were pleased to find out that v1.0.28 works with the latest version of Firefox. [Bill Fox & Dana Baggett]



[11/30]The Apple Developer Connection Published Moving Your Project from CodeWarrior to Xcode: Developers should all be moving their existing CodeWarrior applications to Apple's Xcode so that they can create universal binaries, applications that include executable code that runs on both PowerPC and Intel-based Macintosh computers. Moving Your Project from CodeWarrior to Xcode explains the benefits of transitioning and gets you started. [Bill Fox]



[11/30]O'Reilly Released Mac OS X Tiger in a Nutshell: For everything users need to know about the Unix side of Mac OS X, there's the all-new Tiger guide, Mac OS X Tiger in a Nutshell (Lester, Stone, Toporek, and McIntosh, O'Reilly, US $39.95). The popular and complete desktop reference book on Mac OS X now systematically documents Tiger (Version 10.4), focusing on the BSD Unix layer. It familiarizes readers with more than 300 of Tiger's Unix commands, the Terminal application, file management, system and network administration issues, and more. [Bill Fox]



[11/29]Brief Hands-On Report--Apple Released Broadband Tuner 1.0 Updater for Mac OS X 10.4.x: The update is available for download from this Apple Web page but it did not appear in our Mac OS X Software Update application. According to the Read Me file,

About Broadband Tuner

The Broadband Tuner allows you to take full advantage of very high speed Internet connections that have a high latency (5 Mbps or greater). The installer tweaks some system parameters.

There is an optional uninstaller that can be used to restore the settings that were in effect at the time just before the system parameters were changed.

What does the Broadband Tuner do exactly?

The installer increases the default values for the size of the TCP send and receive buffers. With larger buffers more data can be in transit at once. A startup configuration file is also updated so that these changes will persist across restarts.

The system parameters are sysctl variables that are set as follows:

net.inet.tcp.sendspace: 131072
net.inet.tcp.recvspace: 358400
kern.ipc.maxsockbuf: 512000

This change has a system wide effect and is applied even if the network is not high speed connection with a high latency, with the exception of modem connections for which the system uses small default TCP buffer sizes.

We downloaded Broadband Tuner 1.0 and installed it on our 1.67GHz 17" PowerBook G4 with no problems. We are currently using a hotel high speed internet connection from STSN (iBahn). Before installing Broadband Tuner 1.0, we got an average of 1.71Mbps download speed for four tests from this Web page. After installing Broadband Tuner 1.0 we got an average of 2.24Mbps for four runs. However, the Read Me states that it is for faster internet connections, 5Mbps or more. So far, we've encountered no problems. [Bill Fox & Dana Baggett]



[11/28]Shootout of Three iPod Video Converters--MoviePod vs Podner vs Video2Pod: If you want to watch videos on your new 5G iPod with video, they must be in the proper format. The iPod with video only plays MPEG4 and H.264 formats of all the video formats out there like MOV, DV, MPEG1, MPEG2, AVI, DVIX, ASF and WMV. Movies or music videos bought and downloaded from the iTunes Music Store (iTMS) will be in the correct format but iTMS also offers video podcasts. Unfortunately, many video podcasts play okay in iTunes but are not in the proper format for the iPod with video. One may also have many QuickTime or Windows Media Player or Real Player videos that are also not compatible with the iPod with video.

Many videos compatible with QuickTime can be converted to MPEG4 or H.264 with QuickTime Pro 7.0.3 or iMovie HD or the open source application called ffmpeg. Following our hands-on review of the iPod with video, we posted a note that compared the performance of those three converters on a 1.67GHz PowerBook G4. iMovie and QuickTime were very slow and ffmpeg, while a bit faster is also a bit complex for the average user who just wants to convert some videos to run on their iPod with video.

Since then, at least three applications that automate the conversion process have been produced: Podner 1.1.1, Video2Pod 1.1.1 and MoviePod 1.0. Each costs about $10. They have different features but they all have simple graphical user interfaces, convert many video formats to MPEG4, batch process files and export the result to iTunes. Podner and Video2Pod are based on QuickTime and convert all QuickTime compatible files and support plugins for DVIX. Podner supports WMV with the Flip4Mac plugin. MoviePod converts ASF and WMV files without a plugin and it also supports QuickTime plugins like Podner and Video2Pod. But MoviePod does not presently convert videos to the new scalable H.264 format.

So how fast are they? We produced a short video test file in MOV format from the first four clips of iMovie's tutorial movie, some 28.5 seconds long. Then, we timed how long it took each application to convert the MOV file to MPEG4 at the applications' lowest quality setting and again at their highest quality setting. We also timed how long it took to convert the MOV file to H.264 at the highest setting in the two applications that can do it, Podner and Video2Pod. We conducted the tests on our 1.67GHz 17" PowerBook G4 and our new Power Mac G5 Quad running Mac OS X 10.4.3.

Here are the results using the PowerBook:

MoviePod is the speed champ in MPEG4 conversion, convincingly so at the lowest quality settings. However, MoviePod's results were very similar to Podner's and Video2Pod if its "Decode movies using QuickTime" option is checked. This may have some relation to quality that we will get to shortly. Podner and Video2Pod are very close in H.264 conversion times at their highest quality setting but Podner's highest quality also includes multi-pass. It is not clear whether Video2Pod's highest H.264 setting is single-pass or multi-pass.

Here are the results using the Power Mac G5 Quad:

Of course, the times are much faster than using the PowerBook, especially so for MoviePod, and the results are the same.

What about quality? Out of the eight converted videos, only the lowest quality of Video2Pod showed clear pixelation on our iPod with video. The other seven were virtually indistinguishable in quality. At "full screen" in a QuickTime window on our 30" Cinema Display, all showed extensive pixelation. However, the Podner highest quality H.264 was clearly the best, much better even than Video2Pod's highest quality H.264.

In summary, if one is converting videos to watch on an iPod with video, the fastest application with acceptable quality is probably the best. That title in this shootout goes to MoviePod. On the other hand, if one wants to use the converted video on a much larger screen and has the time, Podner's high quality multi-pass H.264 is the best. As we stated earlier, each application has a variety of different features, some of which may trump the speed advantage of MoviePod for some users. Each application has a demo/trial version so check them out. [Bill Fox]



[11/25]Apple Offers $101 Off iMac G5 and iBook G4 and Other Discounts in Black Friday "The Feast After the Feast" Promo:As we announced on Tuesday, The Apple Store is offering terrific discounts on many items. For example, JBL On Stage iPod Speaker system is $31.95 off as is the On Stage II. Shure E5C Earphones are $101 off. AirPort Express is $31 off as is an iSight camera. Apple's Mighty Mouse is $11 off.

There's still time to buy. Click on the ad image at right to be hyper-transported to The Apple Store's special sale. [Bill Fox]



[11/25]O'Reilly Published Digital Video Production Cookbook: This book will show you how to create sophisticated-looking visual effects, dramatic shots, and powerful sequences using low-cost methods adapted from high-end professional techniques. Author and award-winning filmmaker Chris Kenworthy explains how you can use a digital video camera and basic editing software, to create high-end production values with household equipment and a little imagination.

Digital Video Production Cookbook includes easy-to-follow recipes for:

  • Creating bluescreen effects
  • Simulating rain, snow, and other types of weather
  • Working with backlighting, simulated candlelight, and special lighting effects
  • Shooting day for night
  • Staging safe stunts, chase scenes, and fistfights
  • Makeup techniques for aging, bruises, and serious injuries
  • Shooting at night
  • Working with camera movement
  • Adding special effects such as laser bolts, holograms, and explosions

Digital Video Production Cookbook (Kenworthy, O'Reilly, US $29.95) features clear, step-by-step instructions laid out in a stunning, easy-to-follow format. This book is a master class for amateur and independent filmmakers working in the digital medium. [Bill Fox]



[11/23]Registration Open for The Game Developers Conference 2006 on 3/22-24/06--FREE Video Webcast of 2005 Sessions:GDC:06 is the official event "by game developers for developers" of computer, console, mobile, arcade, online games, and location based entertainment, the GDC attracts over 12,000 attendees and provides educational, networking, and business opportunities for game development professionals driving the $11 billion video game industry. It will be held in San Jose, CA, on March 22-24, 2006.

The Production Track--With the advent of next-gen gaming, the entire production balance will shift to a larger, more distributed scale - expanding development teams, skyrocketing budgets, more complex games, and a growing global market. The Production Track explores both the challenges and the opportunities inherent to these new ventures and will also present proven techniques to take a project from pre-production to market, on-schedule and on-budget. Here are the Production Track highlights:

  • Beyond Technology: Process Issues in Next-Gen Development
    Don Daglow (Stormfront Studios, Inc.)
  • You Deny, But You’re Lovin’ It: Using Psychophysiology for Product Evaluation
    Byung-ho Park (Doctoral student, Indiana University)
  • From Design to Product: A Model for Independent Game Production
    Nicholas Soutter (Aepox Games)
  • We Learned The Hard Way So You Don't Have To: How To Outsource Successfully
    Kristine Coco (Midway Studios, Austin)
  • Big Screen to Game Console: Case Studies
    Doug Cooper (DreamWorks Animation)
  • Reinventing Your Company Without Reinventing The Wheel
    Brian Krueger and Owen Brand (Factor 5)

Complete descriptions of all of the sessions are available on this GDC:06 Web page.

There are also two early bird conferences just before GDC:06, the GDC Mobile 2006 and the Serious Games Summit at GDC:06. Both are on March 20-21, 2006.

Finally, many of the 2005 session are available FREE as a streaming video webcast from a link in the right side bar of this Web page--registration required. We tested it and it works fine with Safari 2.0.2. [Bill Fox]



[11/23]BitTorrent and MPAA Reach Accord on Preventing Piracy of Movies: According to AP, the owner of BitTorrent, a file sharing technology/service for downloading huge files, and the Motion Picture Association of America reached an agreement that BitTorrent will remove any Web links that point to movies produced by any of the MPAA's members. More... [Dana Baggett]



[11/23]FREE Holiday Images for BeLight Applications: BeLight Software posted a free set of Christmas-related images for their software, Mail Factory and Swift Publisher, on this BeLight Web page. The collection contains about 70+ high-quality vector and photo images. This set allows Mac user's to decorate XMAS postcards and envelopes with Mail Factory. The images can be also used in Swift Publisher to create cool XMAS flyers and newsletters. [Bill Fox]



[11/23]Washington Apple Pi to Hold Holiday Brunch On December 3:Washington Apple Pi, the Washington DC metro area Macintosh User Group, is holding a holiday brunch in lieu of its semi-annual Garage Sale on Saturday, December 3, at 9 am at the Old Country Buffet at Fair City Mall, 9650 Main Street, Fairfax, Virginia. In addition to sharing greetings, meeting and eating, a gift exchange will be held.

While the meeting is free, accessible, and open to the public, each attendee is responsible for paying for his or her own meal.

Guests are asked to bring a wrapped gift, valued at $10 or less, appropriate for a Macintosh computer or its master. “It will be a round-robin gift exchange, each person choosing either a wrapped or unwrapped gift. The person whose unwrapped gift was “stolen” will replace it by taking a gift from another participant or one from the wrapped gifts pile. Its fun for all”, explained Pat Fauquet, VP Programs. She also said she was looking forward to seeing the variety of Macintosh-made gifts. Pat continued, “I’m hoping someone will bring their favorite holiday recipe, complete with a sample. What a great incentive to try the recipe!”

More information about this event is available on Apple Pi's Web site. [Bill Fox]



[11/22]The Apple Store Announced Black Friday Special, The Feast after the Feast, on Nov. 25:We received notice of a special shopping event at The Apple Store on Friday, November 25, the day after the Thanksgiving Day holiday. Friday is dubbed Black Friday because it is the traditional first day of shopping for the end-of-year holiday season that puts retailers "in the black" (i.e. profitable) for the year. According to The Apple Store's announcement,

Come back to the Apple Store on the day after Thanksgiving for a special one-day-only holiday shopping event. You’ll find dozens of great gift ideas for everyone on your list, and you’ll get free shipping on all items.

Click on the ad image above right to be hyper-transported to the special sale this Friday. [Bill Fox]



[11/22]Cool Mac Software--MoviePod Converts .wmv Files for iPod with video: MoviePod is another simple application designed to convert various video file formats to a format that works on an iPod with video. Like Podner, MoviePod automatically adds converted files to iTunes but to a playlist of your choice. One key advantage of MoviePod over Podner is that it converts Windows Media Player .wmv files without the extra-cost QuickTime plugin Flip4Mac Player Pro that Podner requires. One drawback to MoviePod is that it only converts to MPEG4 and not to the scalable H.264 video format in single-pass or multi-pass modes like Podner. Some may prefer MoviePod's GUI but we think that the choice is more a matter of "taste." MoviePod is $10 shareware. [Bill Fox]



[11/22]Today's New and Old--Xbox 360 and Ted Koppel: Microsoft's second generation game machine, the Xbox 360, debuts today not only as a game machine but also as a second Microsoft attempt at a home media center.

Tonight, Ted Koppel will broadcast his last Nightline. Mr. Koppel became the center of home media when he took over from Frank Reynolds as anchor for Nightline during the Iran hostage crisis some 26 years ago. [Bill Fox]



[11/21]Apple Offers Microsoft Office 2004 with an Up to 50% Rebate--Office Bonus Promo: On Saturday, Apple began offering an up to 50% discount as a rebate on Microsoft Office 2004 when purchasing a qualifying Mac. The promo runs until January 31, 2006. Here are the details and rebate form. [Bill Fox]



[11/21] [Updated]Bargain--$50 Off on Quicken 2006 and TurboTax 2005 for Mac: If you buy both Quicken 2006 for Mac and TurboTax 2005 at the same time, with two coupons you can take advantage of two different Intuit discounts. The rebate coupons are available from this Amazon.com Web page. The first is for $20 for buying Quicken 2006 before 11/30--the rebate has to be claimed within 30 days of purchase. The second is for $30 for simultaneously buying Quicken and TurboTax. The first requires a special proof of purchase off the box and copy of a receipt. The second requires the UPC code and a copy of the receipt. So it seems that one can get both rebates off one purchase of both applications. Buy.com has an additional $5 Quicken 2006 discount coupon for first buyers for a total of $55 off both applications. [Bill Fox]



[11/21]Cool Mac Software--Podner 1.1.1 Update is Out: Podner converts video files to the format for Apple's new iPod with video. It also automatically places the converted file in your iTunes database. Podner 1.1 introduced batch processing and 1.1.1 adds a feature and a couple of fixes:

Release History

1.1.1 - 11/20/2005

New Features:

  • Support for two-byte character file names and genres, such as Kanji and Greek

Fixes:

  • Corrects potential batch processing duplicate file contents issue
  • Preflight now includes late check for alternate output folder

1.1 - 11/18/2005

New Features:

  • Batch processing
  • Support for non-square pixel aspect ratios, as in DV source material
  • Support for MPEG muxed audio in QuickTime reference movies
  • Automatic and manual software update checking

Fixed:

  • Corrects a potential non-responsive Cancel button situation during the first few seconds of MPEG muxed audio extraction

We favorably reviewed Podner. v1.1.1 is available for download via MacUpdate.com. [Bill Fox]



[11/19]Do-It-Yourself AirPort Extreme Card Install in Power Mac G5 Quad--Not! Surprise, surprise. There is another change in the Power Mac G5 Quad from its predecessors, i.e. in addition to the red glow from the front grille on startup, the chime sounding through the built-in speaker even with headphones attached to the front jack and the change from the T-type AirPort antenna to a strip--all good ideas so far. We found out about the additional change the hard way when we went to install our AirPort Extreme card. It is not possible, at least not now, for a user to install one!

Previous Power Mac G5s have a slot under the optical drive and a nearby antenna wire with connector for installing an AirPort Extreme card as shown in this Apple instruction sheet. One just slides the card into the slot and snaps on the antenna wire. Our new Power Mac G5 Quad has the slot but the antenna wires are bare. The ends of the wires are tinned but there is no connector to snap into the AirPort Extreme card's antenna port.

We don't think this is a manufacturing slip-up in our Quad because its manual is missing the usual passages describing installation of the card. It merely notes that one may be "...installed by an Apple Authorized Service Provider or at an Apple Store retail location." In fact, Apple's Discussion Board (see here) mentions that there may be an entirely different AirPort Extreme card (Part No. MA252) for all the dual-core Power Mac G5s but none are available.

AirPort Extreme ready it is not, at least not yet. Ah, the virtue of patience...and the depth of one's pocket. [Bill Fox]



[11/19]Apple (Apparently?) Appealed iPod Battery Issue Settlement: According to a November 15th notice on the Apple iPod Settlement Administration Web site,

On October 24, 2005, a notice of appeal was filed in the Superior Court of California, County of San Mateo, against the approved iPod Settlement. As a result, Settlement benefits will not be provided unless and until the appeal is resolved.

Presumably, the appellant is Apple. But if Apple is appealing, why did it initially agree to the settlement? Anyway, we hope whomever appealed wins. This is another consumer class action settlement that basically lines the attorneys' pockets and gets relatively little for the consumer on a very questionable issue based on our experience with the original iPods. We have two that still get over 7 hours on their original batteries. [Bill Fox]



[11/19]A Rare Interview with Jonathan Ive, Apple's Design Chief: He joined Apple in 1992 from the London design consulting firm Tangerine where he was a partner. He was Apple's chief designer when the iMac was released in 1998 and the rest is history. News.Telegraph was able to get a rare interview, calling Ive "...the most important British industrial designer of our time." More... [Dana Baggett]



[11/19]TidBITS Published Take Control of Switching to a Mac: An increasing number of Windows users are switching to the Mac, but as easy as Mac OS X is to use, making the jump from Windows is still a daunting proposition. In a new ebook, Take Control of Switching to a Mac, best-selling author Scott Knaster (TidBITS Electronic Publishing, ISBN: 1-933671-04-1, PDF format, 93 p, November 17, 2005, $10), who has worked at both Apple and Microsoft, guides switchers through the process of making the decision to switch, choosing the right Mac model, setting up the Mac, choosing the appropriate Macintosh applications to replace common Windows programs, and moving data - documents, email, address books, and Web bookmarks - to the Mac. Scott then teaches readers the basics of using a Mac from the perspective of someone who knows only Windows, starting with an explanation of user interface differences and moving on to lessons on how to use the Finder effectively, search with Spotlight, manage applications and windows, connect to network resources, download software updates, and more. A collection of five key Macintosh features and five useful tips help readers move beyond the basics and become more capable with their new Macs, and the ebook offers extra help for those who must share documents with Windows users or run the occasional Windows application. In keeping with the practical nature of all Take Control titles, Scott includes essential troubleshooting advice in case problems appear, along with a glossary to help familiarize Windows users with Macintosh terminology. [Bill Fox]



[11/19]Apple Revised the Offerings from Five Hot Deals Retailers:

PowerMax has fantastic prices of superb products for your Mac, including Epson PictureMate Deluxe Viewer Edition, Xerox Phaser 6100/DN Color Laser Printer, Keyspan PS-4A 4-Port Print Server, Canon PowerShot S2 IS 5MP Digital Camera, Wacom Intuos2 12"x12" USB Graphics Tablet, Timbuk2 Large Laptop Zip Briefcase, and much more.

ClubMac has great deals on essential Mac products, including Micromat Techtool Pro 4, Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac Student and Teacher Edition, Canon PowerShot Pro 1 Digital Camera, LaCie Extreme Triple Interface 250GB External Hard Drive, Kensington Comfort Type USB Keyboard, Adobe Photoshop CS2 Upgrade Version, and much more.

MacMall has fantastic prices on essential Mac products, including Epson Stylus CX4200 All-in-One Printer, iRocks USB 2.0 4-Port Hub FREE with mail-in rebate, MacCase 15" Messenger Bag with FREE Stealth Black Sleeve, Logitech Cordless Desktop LX501 Keyboard and Mouse with $20 mail-in rebate, Roxio Toast 7 Titanium with $20 mail-in rebate, and much more.

Publishing Perfection has great deals on a variety of design and print products for your Mac, including Adobe Acrobat 7.0 Professional Upgrade Version, AutoFX PhotoGraphic Edges Vol. 6 Upgrade, Canon Digital Rebel XT Camera, Corel KPT Collection, Electric Rain Swift 3D 3.0 Standalone, Epson Stylus Photo RX620 with $50 mail-in rebate, and much more.

O'Reilly has exclusively Hot Deals discounts for many of it's most popular Mac titles, including Mac OS X: The Missing Manual, Tiger Edition, Mac OS X Tiger in a Nutshell, iWorks '05: The Missing Manual, iLife '05: The Missing Manual, GarageBand 2: The Missing Manual, and much more.

[Bill Fox]



[11/18]Report on The First Annual O'Reilly European Open Source Convention: Europe has become fertile ground for open source projects and innovators. European governments are beginning to integrate FLOSS (free/libre and open source software) in innovative ways, and open source communities--particularly on the professional level--are multiplying and gaining influence across the continent. To support and further this open source momentum, O'Reilly Media held its first O'Reilly European Open Source Convention (EuroOSCON) at the Hotel Krasnapolsky in Amsterdam on October 17-20, 2005.

Nearly 500 developers, programmers, hackers, and systems and network administrators attended tutorials, sessions, on-stage discussions, informal events, and hallway conversations focusing on almost every aspects of the open source platform. Mature technologies were explored alongside newer and less developed tools, allowing attendees to take in the full range of open source's capabilities.

Like OSCON, its US counterpart, EuroOSCON brought together diverse people, projects, and communities. Delegates heard from leaders, experts, and alpha geeks leading the open source charge throughout Europe and the world, including: Simon Phipps, Sun; Alan Cox and Michael Tiemann, Red Hat; Jason Matusow, Microsoft; Damian Conway, Monash University; Larry Wall, Perl guru; David Heinemeier-Hansson, Less Software; Cory Doctorow, EFF; Tim O'Reilly, O'Reilly Media; Chet Kapoor, IBM; Jeff Waugh, Canonical; Paul Everitt, Zope Europe; Paula LeDieu, Creative Commons International; Marcel den Hartog, Computer Associates; Luis Casas Luengo, Extremadura; Rasmus Lerdorf, Yahoo!; Alex Martelli, Google; Autrijus Tang, open source advocate; David Axmark, MySQL AB; Ben Laurie, Apache Software Foundation; Danese Cooper, Intel; and Karoly Negyesi, Drupal. More... [Bill Fox]



[11/18]PC Publishing Released Making Music on the Apple Mac: All Mac computers are suitable for recording music, but which one you choose depends very much on what you want to do. Whether you're a singer/songwriter, a band member, a dance music producer, a composer or a music educator, Making Music on the Apple Mac by Keith Gemmell (PC Publishing, ISBN: 1870775-95-3, 113 pages, $14.95) will point you in the right direction.

There's a section on setting up your studio and configuring your audio and MIDI interfaces for optimum performance. Step by step projects show you how to record with GarageBand, an easy-to-use package with hundreds of instruments and loops, that's free with every Mac.

And when your masterpiece is complete, learn how to organize your music, create playlists, burn CDs and publish your music on the net.

The book's features include:

  • Which Mac to buy
  • Setting up your desktop studio
  • Recording MIDI and audio with GarageBand
  • Step by step projects
  • Getting your music onto the Internet
  • Burning CDs

[Bill Fox]



[11/18]New iPod nano Case--MicroWallet:XtremeMac announced the availability of a new case called MicroWallet for iPod nano. MicroWallet is available in three styles—Leather, Accent and Pastel—made from various materials and with slightly different features. All are designed to have a slim, compact profile that leaves the iPod nano earbud jack accessible even when the MicroWallet is closed. When flipped open, MicroWallet reveals the entire face of iPod nano for complete accessibility to controls and ports.

MicroWallet Leather and Accent offer open access to the iPod nano Dock Connector and earbud jack. MicroWallet Leather is available in saddle, brown, dark brown or black for $29.95 and MicroWallet Accent is available in gray with green or gray with orange for $19.95.

MicroWallet Pastel features a soft, durable exterior and microsuede lining as well as a snap closure that offers access to the iPod nano earbud jack. It also includes a carabiner that can be used to attach the MicroWallet to a belt loop, purse or backpack. It is available in pink or lime green for $29.95 each. [Bill Fox]



[11/18]Friday Chuckle--New Apple iPod Suit? Soap on a Rope: It's not April Fools Day but here is a nice spoof of lawsuits aiming to capitalize on the popularity of Apple's iPod from CrazyAppleRumors.com. [Dana Baggett]



[11/17]From the Dark Side--Sony Recalling Copy-Protected CDs that Affect Only Windows PCs: Sony recently released at least 20 popular new CD titles with a new copy-protection scheme. The scheme places a hidden application on a Windows computer the first time a CD is inserted. The application then limits the number of copies that can be made of the CD. It is technically spyware, it provides a vehicle for malware and its removal can disable the computers optical drive. Apparently, the scheme only works on a computer running Windows. Aren't you glad you use a Mac? More... [Dana Baggett]



[11/17]November Apple Pi Meeting this Saturday Features iLife: The Washington Apple Pi Macintosh User Group, will show how to creatively make family newsletters for the holidays with Apple Computer's iLife software suite at its Saturday, November 19, general meeting.

While the iLife suite is well suited to preparing the traditional hard-copy multi-column family newsletter, Apple Pi will show its guests how to use iLife to present the news in non-traditional soft-copy methods. These electronic formats include Adobe's Portable Data Format (PDF) files or through an internet web site such as home page on a dot Mac public folder. Alternately, text can be combined with photos and other graphics on Keynote slides with music and the Ken Burns slide changing effects. Musical families may choose to record and edit their own soundtracks using Apple's GarageBand for a Keynote slideshow or a Quicktime movie "newsreel." Pat Fauquet, Washington Apple Pi's Vice-president of Programs, explained, "We’re going to talk about how to be creative with our Macintoshes as we plan our family newsletter layout. We will also show how to use iLife to prepare and polish the news product. With a little practice, it can be faster as well as more fun than using a typewriter to produce the same style of newsletter Granny Smith did 20 years ago."

The meeting, open to the public, starts at 9:00 am at the Microsoft Innovation & Technology Center, 12012 Sunset Hills Road, Reston, VA, 20190.



[11/17]Apple Revised the Offerings from Two Hot Deals Retailers:

Small Dog Electronics has great prices on top quality Mac products, including Adobe's Creative Suite 2 Premium for Mac Student/Teacher Edition, Dantz Retrospect Desktop 6.0, QuickerTek Aluminum Handle for 12" PowerBook G4 or 14" iBook, Rain Design iLap for 12" PowerBook G4, Matias Tactile Pro USB Keyboard, Aspyr Media The Sims 2, and much more.

CompUSA has money saving deals on a bevy of Mac products, including Kodak EasyShare Printer Dock Series 3 with $30 mail-in rebate, InFocus X2 Projector with $50 mail-in rebate, Samsung SyncMaster 930b 19" LCD Display with $20 mail-in rebate, Hewlett Packard F2105 21" LCD Display with $50 mail-in rebate, M-Audio StudioPro 4 Professional Speakers with $20 mail-in rebate, and much more.

[Bill Fox]



[11/17]Tonight on The Tech Night Owl LIVE--Molly Wood, Jason Snell and Clark Humphrey: This week co-hosts Gene and Grayson Steinberg will welcome CNET editor Molly Wood, who will reveal the nasty details behind Sony BMG's insidious CD copy protection scheme. You'll also hear from Macworld's Jason Snell and Clark Humphrey, author of Take Control of Digital TV. Tune in the internet radio broadcast tonight from 6:00 to 8:00 PM Pacific, 9:00 to 11:00 PM Eastern. [Bill Fox]



[11/17]O'Reilly Published Podcasting Pocket GuideSebastopol, CA--Never before has the term "download this" had more meaning than when referring to the latest and greatest podcast. : Podcasting, a hybrid term that smashes the MP3-playing iPod into broadcasting, enables ordinary people to record podcasts of opinions, news coverage, editorials, reviews, and features, and post them on the Web. Podcasting makes broadcasters of people all around the world by making their recorded content available for anyone with access to the Internet. With thousands of free podcast offerings being posted daily, listeners need some help to sift through all of the "noise." This is where the Podcasting Pocket Guide (McElhearn, Giles, & Herrington, O'Reilly, US $9.95) steps in to provide some much needed guidance.

Small enough to fit in your pocket, this portable and affordable guide can help you gain access to opinions and ideas that you'd never find on the radio. Now you can find them all--unregulated and uncensored--on podcasts.Podcasting Pocket Guide is available exclusively at Borders through this holiday season and available at all stores in January 2006. [Bill Fox]



[11/17]QuickerTek Released Wireless Transceiver Bundle for Power Macs:QuickerTek has extended its long distance wireless network products with this bundle, ideal for Apple Power Mac users without built-in AirPort capability. These users can use the Buffalo 54g PCI Card and the QuickerTek 27dBm Transceiver for maximum wireless performance. This bundle is aggressively priced at $239.95, a savings of $40.

The QuickerTek operates like a super antenna, pulling in signals that are up to a mile away - and providing full speed connections. The Buffalo PCI Card provides the means to connect the Transceiver to PCI Power Macs without AirPort capability. The QuickerTek Transceiver can be powered from the USB port or the AC power adapter supplied in the kit. The QuickerTek Transceiver is shipped with a 2dBi omni-directional antenna. You can use a higher gain or a directional antenna if needed.

The QuickerTek Transceiver requires no software to operate and produces 500milliwatts of RF transmitter power amplifying the incoming WiFi signal and sending it to the Buffalo card. So you get greater signal strength for both sides of the WiFi signal thus increasing speed and range. The Buffalo card offers 802.11g speed, reliability, and Mac 9 and OSX compatibility with all the Apple software. We have tested some third party wireless interface cards that don't work with common Mac apps (iTunes for example). Any Apple Power Mac with a PCI slot can use the Bufffalo PCI card. [Bill Fox]



[11/16]Apple Posted Firmware Update for 1.8GHz Power Mac G5 (late 2004): The update for a Power Mac G5 running 10.4.3 is available from this Apple Web page. If it is running 10.3.9, then the firmware update is available from this Apple Web page. According to the Read Me file,

This Power Mac G5 System Firmware Update is only for the 1.8 GHz, (600 MHz bus), single-processor Power Mac G5 (Late 2004) computer. This update improves the reliability of your Power Mac G5, especially after it has been inactive for two hours.

Here are the details:

Some 1.8 GHz models of Power Mac G5 (Late 2004) computers may experience any of the following symptoms:

  • The computer may freeze when performing certain video-intensive tasks for extended periods of time, such as a full screen slideshows, QuickTime playback, or some games.
  • The optical drive may not eject when you've been using the computer for about two hours.
  • Internet Connect may become unresponsive when you've been using the computer for about two hours.
  • (This issue can affect either internal or external modems that use PPP as well as DSL modems that connect using the PPPoE protocol.)
  • Attached displays may not wake up properly after the computer, running Mac OS X 10.4, has been sleeping for an extended period of time. The computer seems to wake up, but the display doesn't.

We do not have this model of Power Mac G5 so we can't test the firmware update for you. [Dana Baggett]



[11/16]Brief Hands-On Report--Apple Released Java 2 Platform Standard Edition (J2SE) 5.0 Release 3 which improves functionality of J2SE 5.0 on Mac OS X v 10.4 Tiger 10.4.2 and later. It is available via the Software Update application or as a standalone file from this Apple Web page. From Apple Article #302412,

Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) 5.0 Release 3 allows applications and applets developed for the J2SE 5.0 platform to run on Mac OS X v 10.4.2 and later.

This update does not change the default version of Java on your Mac from Java 1.4.2 to J2SE 5.0, though Java applications that require J2SE 5.0 may specifically request it. You can change the preferred Java version for applications and applets by using the new Java Preferences utility. This utility is installed by the J2SE 5.0 update at /Applications/Utilities/Java/J2SE 5.0/.

We downloaded and installed the latest edition of Java 2 with no problems on several Power Mac G5s and G4 Cubes, iMac G5s, PowerBook G4s and a Mac mini. We have not enabled Java 2 SE 5.0R3 as our preferred Java version as yet. [Dana Baggett & Bill Fox]



[11/16]O'Reilly Published Creating Web Sites: The Missing Manual: This book is a practical and comprehensive guide that explains web site fundamentals and the best techniques and tools for easily creating and maintaining a personal or small-business site that is visitor-friendly, thoroughly modern, and brimming with the slickest new features. Whether creating a first page from scratch, or resurrecting an existing site that's decidedly uncool, readers will learn the best way to build great web sites--from concept phase through to web hosting, and make it stand out with modern formatting practices. In fact, everything about the book is modern: it uses style sheets (CSS) from the beginning, devotes a whole chapter to blogging, and takes into account the hottest new browser (FireFox).

"With the real-world tips and tricks throughout this book, any reader can build a web site that looks like a 21st-century web site," promises Matthew MacDonald, author of the new Creating Web Sites: The Missing Manual (O'Reilly, US $29.95). [Bill Fox]



[11/16]AssistiveWare Publishing Newsletter for Mac OS X Users with Disabilities: AssistiveWare published the AssistiveWare Newsletter: A newsletter written, edited and designed by Mac OS X users who cannot use a keyboard and/or mouse. Learning InDesign in 2 weeks, Joe Barnick, who has Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), edited and designed the newsletter, collaborating with talented individuals from around the world.

"With this newsletter we want to explore the frontiers of assistive technology, provide a platform to share experiences, and also to inspire people of all abilities to use the opportunities offered by Mac OS X to the fullest," said David Niemeijer, AssistiveWare's CTO. "Assistive technology can be so much more than a closed-box solution for a specific task. There is a whole world of possibilities out there and no reason why, say a switch user, should not use Apple's iChat or edit videos with iMovie just like 'the rest of us'."

In the first issue, Bill Lee shares his experience as a Technology Director working with a student in need of a fresh approach to AT. Video editing takes center stage as Jean-Marc Pepin talks about his exciting hobby. Excellent games for new switch users are covered in "Let the Games Begin", the first installment of a permanent column by game guru, Mike Phillips. Walter Pfrommer gives an informative comparison of various head mice on the market. Finally, Joe Barnick chronicles the pivotal role the Macintosh has in his life, something that many disabled Mac users can relate to.

The AssistiveWare Newsletter is a free download from this Web page. [Bill Fox]



[11/14]Hands-On Report--The New Power Mac G5 Quad, How Fast Is It? We ordered a new Power Mac G5 2.5GHz Quad on October 12, the day they were announced. Ours shipped by FedEx from Shenzhen, China, on November 10, and arrived at 2:30 pm on November 11--amazing delivery speed. It replaces our barely year-old dual 2.5GHz Power Mac G5 which will soon head to eBay.

The Quad has a number of speed enhancements, including two dual core 2.5GHz G5 CPUs (i.e. four cores hence the name "Quad"), faster 533MHz DDR2 memory (vs 400MHz DDR), faster PC Express (PCe) PCI slots--one 16-channel, one 8-channel and two 4-channel slots (vs PCI-X), faster Nvidia GeForce 6600 graphics card (vs ATI Radeon 9600 XT) and two gigabit ethernet ports (vs one). The graphics card occupies the 16-channel slot. It arrived in a new box design that opens on the top rather than the side along with a power cord, a DVI-VGA adapter, a USB keyboard, a USB cable extension for the keyboard, a Mighty Mouse and a black sleeve that holds the usual documentation and software DVDs.

We ordered the Quad's stock configuration that has 512MB of 533MHz DDR2 RAM and an Nvidia GeForce 6600 graphics card. We would have ordered an Nvidia GeForce 7800 GT graphics card upgrade for $350 but that option was not available when we ordered. When it finally became available as a CTO option, the Apple Store would not just add it to our order even though our Quad had not yet shipped. We would have had to cancel our order and re-order with an estimated additional delivery time of 7-9 weeks. We opted not to wait so we hope that either the 6600 will suffice, the 7800 GT will be offered as an after-market kit or ATI will release an even better graphics card for the Quad's PCe slot. The workstation level graphics card option, an Nvidia Quadro Pro FX 4500, is too steep for us at $1300 but it is a great option for those who need it.

After unpacking the Quad we popped it open and added 1GB of additional third-party 533MHz DDR2 RAM (two 512MB chips) to bring our total to 1.5GB which we have found more than adequate for our dual 2.5GHz Power Mac G5. We also added a second SATA 250GB hard drive, a Seagate, with a clone of the software on the main drive in our dual 2.5GHz Power Mac. Our Quad came with a 250GB Western Digital SATA drive.

The inside of the Quad is much the same as the dual 2.5GHz Power Mac G5. The fan assembly in front of the CPUs is a little different, i.e. the design has a more integrated look. But it pops out the same way to allow the installation of RAM on the motherboard below it.

Then we fired up our Quad attached to our Apple 30" Cinema Display via the lower (or left from the front) dual-link DVI port. The other DVI port on the Nvidia 6600 does not support the 30" display. While running the excellent Apple setup assistant, we chose to import our data from our second drive--it took roughly 15 minutes to import some 63GB of data. When we reached the desktop we noted that the Quad had a special build of Mac OS X 10.4.2 (Build 8E90) installed. To conduct our speed tests, we rebooted with the second drive as the startup drive, the same one we used for 10.4.3 speed tests on our dual 2.5GHz Power Mac G5.

So how fast is it? To determine this we ran our usual suite of speed tests on our two Power Mac G5s. The speed tests are composed of a series of "canned" benchmark applications and several so-called "real world" tests that anyone can repeat on their own Mac for comparison by following the steps that we perform.

Here are the results comparing the new Quad 2.5GHz Power Mac G5 with the previous generation dual 2.5GHz model. Both were upgraded to 1.5GB of RAM. The Quad has the stock Nvidia 6600 graphics card while the Dual has an upgraded Nvidia 6800 Ultra graphics card. Both were running Mac OS X 10.4.3 from the same hard drive:

TestDual 2.5GHz
Power Mac G5**
Quad 2.5GHz
Power Mac G5
Mac OS X Version:
Benchmarks:
Altivec Fractal (GFLOPS)
Cinebench 2003 - Rendering
Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]
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Pattern of population structuring between Belgian and Estonian bumblebees

Abstract

Several population genetic studies investigated the extent of gene flow and population connectivity in bumblebees. In general, no restriction in gene flow is considered for mainland populations of common bumblebee species. Whether this assumption holds true for all species is not known. An assessment of bumblebee genetic structure in the context of their geographic distribution is needed to prioritize conservation and management needs. Here, we conducted a genetic study on seven bumblebee species occurring in Belgium and Estonia. Using 16 microsatellite markers, we investigated genetic diversity and population structuring in each species. This is the first study investigating population structuring of both declining and stable bumblebee species on both small and large geographic scales. Our results showed no or only low population structuring between the populations of the restricted and declining bumblebee species on both scales, while significant structuring was found for populations of the common species on the larger scale. The latter result, which may be due to human or environmental changes in the landscape, implies the need for the conservation of also widespread bumblebee species. Conservation strategies to improve gene flow and connectivity of populations could avoid the isolation and future losses of populations of these important species.

Introduction

Bumblebees are essential pollinators for natural and managed ecosystems1,2. They experience worldwide declines, even more severe than many other pollinator species3,4,5. Different hypotheses aim to explain the observed declines in bee populations3,4,6,7,8. Although decline of bumblebee populations is clearly a multi-factorial phenomenon7, agricultural intensification, with increasing loss of habitats and plant species providing key forage resources, has been declared to be the key driver of the observed bumblebee declines across Europe7,8,9. Genetic factors play herein also a role. As genetic variability reflects a species potential to adapt to current and future changes in the environment, having a low genetic diversity will increase the likelihood towards extinction9,10,11,12. Genetic drift, founder effects, and inbreeding can all decrease genetic variability within populations9,10,13.

Gene flow can also alter the present levels of genetic diversity9,10,14. On one hand limited dispersal could lead to significant substructure and isolation of previously well-connected populations following a pattern in which nearby populations will be genetically more similar than those far away15,16. On the other hand high dispersal rates can buffer drift effects and lead to weak population substructure or even panmixia over large areas9,10,14,17,18.

In eusocial species, population structuring can occur due to differential dispersal rates between both sexes19. In bumblebees, queens and drones (males) are the only reproductive stages20,21. Although some indirect information on male and queen dispersal capabilities is available (e.g.22,23), accurate species specific data are currently lacking. However, dispersal and gene flow are key determinants of a species’ ability to respond to land-use change. Populations of bumblebee species with a more limited dispersal rate will have less chance of successfully recolonizing a suitable habitat and will be more vulnerable to inbreeding9,10,13. Furthermore, the amount of reproductive offspring a species produces will also contribute to the level of gene flow, as more reproductives may enlarge the chance of successful matings and exchange of genetic material between populations (as also discussed in24).

Geographical barriers, such as water bodies and mountains, can also greatly limit dispersal and gene flow25. Such barriers can block dispersal and thus limits gene flow between populations, leading to a non-uniform increase in genetic differentiation across the landscape16. In North America, population genetic studies have compared common and declining species within shared landscapes. These studies showed the impact of such geographic barriers, as they reported an increased population genetic differentiation for mountain and island species12,17,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, and a significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure for B. vosnesenskii30 due to human altered-landscapes17. For Europe, only studies investigating island populations of declining and common species in the UK described genetic differentiation and low levels of gene flow31,32,33,34,35. Studies with common species (B. terrestris and B. pascuorum) showed no population structuring on a European scale36,37 (respectively). Furthermore, Dreier et al.38 found only very low fine-scale spatial genetic structuring in two common species (B. terrestris and B. pascuorum) out of the five investigated bumblebee species (two more common species: B. hortorum, B. lapidarius and one declining species: B. ruderatus). Thus, in general no restriction in gene flow is considered for mainland populations for most bumblebee species39. Whether this assumption holds true for all bumblebee species is not known. Although few population genetic studies have compared common and declining species within shared landscapes in Europe18,38, none have studied their population structure on both small and larger geographic scales. However, an assessment of bumblebee genetic structure in the context of their geographic distribution is needed to help prioritize conservation and management needs (as also stated by12).

Here, we conducted a genetic study of seven social species of bumblebees occurring in Belgium and Estonia (B. ruderarius, B. soroeensis, B. sylvarum, B. hortorum, B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius, and B. pascuorum). Three species are considered to be declining and restricted in Belgium (B. ruderarius, B. soroeensis, and B. sylvarum), while the other four species have a nationally common and widespread distribution (B. hortorum, B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius, and B. pascuorum)18. Species status and distribution are different in Estonia. Indeed, when comparing 1955–1967 with 2009–2018 abundance data from the same area (North-central Estonia) increasing population trends were visible for B. sylvarum, B. soroeensis and B. lapidarius, while B. hortorum and B. ruderarius show clear negative trends (Fig. 1)40,41. Using 16 microsatellite markers, we investigated genetic diversity and population structuring by collecting bumblebee workers from each species at several locations, five in Belgium (Moorsel, Trivières, Francorchamps, Nieuwpoort and Torgny) and two in Estonia (Harjumaa and Põlvamaa) during bumblebee foraging seasons of 2013–2015 and 2015–2017, respectively. This approach allowed us to test our hypotheses that (i) no population structuring is present for populations of common bumblebee species, while (ii) limited gene flow is expected between populations of restricted and declining species. For the latter hypothesis, gene flow might not be limited at small spatial scale (between the two selected locations of Estonia or Belgium) but we expect it to be at least present at large scale due to less population connectivity, and fewer emerging queens. This is the first study investigating population structuring of both declining and stable bumblebee species on small and large spatial scale. This study has not only great impact on making species specific conservation strategies but also has major consequences for all studies performing population genomics with European bumblebee species as the assumption for the absence or present of structuring within species is a key factor for making an accurate sampling and experimental design.

Results

All 16 microsatellites could be amplified and scored reliably in the seven Bombus species. After removal of full-sibs detected by Colony 2.0 and Kinalyzer analyses, and specimens with missing data at more than 5 out of 16 loci, 677 specimens remained for all further genetic analysis out of the 784 specimens (Table 1). No significant linkage disequilibrium between loci were detected. Testing for genotype frequencies against HW-expectations displayed no or only limited heterozygote deficits.

Genetic diversity parameters AR and HE

Overall populations and species, allelic richness (AR) ranged from 1.87 to 3.72, with a mean AR of 2.71. Mean HE was 0.488, with individual population values ranging from 0.269 to 0.750. For most species, AR and HE estimates were very similar overall populations, showing no significant differences between the Estonian and Belgian bumblebee populations (B. hortorum: AR, t = −1.206, P = 0.228; HE, t = −1.261, P = 0.207; B. hypnorum: AR, t = −0.334, P = 0.738; HE, t = −1.117, P = 0.264; B. pascuorum: AR, t = 0.937, P = 0.349; HE, t = 1.213, P = 0.225, and B. ruderarius: AR, t = 0.488, P = 0.626; HE, t = 1.201, P = 0.230; Table 1). However, in B. lapidarius and B. sylvarum, both genetic diversity parameters were significantly higher in Belgian populations (B. lapidarius: AR, t = −6.096, P < 0.001; HE, t = −5.290, P < 0.001, and B. sylvarum: AR, t = −2.145, P = 0.032; HE, t = −2.185, P = 0.029; Table 1), while for B. soroeensis only AR was significantly higher in Estonian populations (t = −2.145, P = 0.032; Table 1).

Population structuring within Bombus species

Overall locations genetic differentiation was significant in B. hypnorum (FST = 0.107; Dest = 0.175; P < 0.001), B. lapidarius (FST = 0. 036; Dest = 0.128; P < 0.001) and in B. pascuorum (FST = 0.067; Dest = 0.120; P < 0.001). Global FST and Dest-estimates were low in the other four species (in B. hortorum, FST = 0.010, Dest = 0.024; in B. ruderarius, FST = 0.034, Dest = 0.050; in B. soroeensis, FST = 0.022, Dest = 0.043; in B. sylvarum, FST = 0.029, Dest = 0.041; all P < 0.001). Pairwise FST comparisons were significant (P < 0.05) for 46 of 72 comparisons ranging from 0.014–0.231 (Table S1). Most significant comparisons were between countries, while only two comparisons were low but significant present between the two Estonian locations (for B. hortorum and B. sylvarum, FST = 0.017 and FST = 0.016, respectively; Table S1), and eight pairwise FST were significant between Belgian locations (in B. hortorum between Torgny and Francorchamps, FST = 0.017; in B. lapidarius between Francorchamps and Nieuwpoort, FST = 0.017; and in B. pascuorum for all comparisons with Nieuwpoort, FST-values from 0.023 to 0.046, between Torgny and Francorchamps, FST = 0.033, and between Torgny and Trivières, FST = 0.026; Table S2). Similar results were observed for pairwise Dest comparisons. The same 46 comparisons were significant (P < 0.05; Table S2) but in general Dest-values were higher within population pairs (Tables S1 and S2). Hence, based on two first principal components, the Principal Component Analysis plot showed a clear spatial pattern between Estonian and Belgian populations of B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius, and B. pascuorum (Fig. 2).

By applying the Evanno method embedded in Structure Harvester, we identified K = 2 for almost all bumblebee species (B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius, B. pascuorum, B. ruderarius and B. sylvarum; Fig. A1). Furthermore, the best K-value for B. hortorum and B. soroeensis were identified as K = 4 and K = 3; respectively (Fig. A2). However, our Structure results showed no clear clustering at best identified number of populations for four species (B. hortorum, B. ruderarius, B. soroeensis, and B. sylvarum). Indeed, all specimens evenly belonged to each identified populations (Fig. 3). Furthermore, as the Evanno method is not able to calculate K = 1, we therefore changed K to 1, highlighting that no structuring is retrieved in these species. However for B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius and B. pascuorum, K remained at 2, showing population structuring between Belgian and Estonian populations (Fig. 3).

The populations of all Bombus species were also per species grouped in two clusters (K = 2) by Geneland analysis (Fig. A2). As both clusters contained only the Belgian locations or Estonian populations, these results showed population structuring between Belgian and Estonian populations.

Discussion

Here, we investigated population structuring in three for Belgium declining and restricted bumblebee species (B. ruderarius, B. soroeensis, and B. sylvarum) and four more stable and widespread bumblebee species (B. hortorum, B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius, and B. pascuorum) on small and large spatial scale. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that (i) population structuring is absent between populations of common bumblebee species on both scales, while (ii) between populations of restricted and declining species gene flow can be limited at the small scale and structuring should be present at the larger geographic scale. For the common bumblebee species we found no population structuring on a small scale but on the large scale population structuring was present in three out of the four common species (in B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius and B. pascuorum). That our data was not able to support our first hypothesis was rather unexpected considering previous studies showing no population structuring for mainland populations of North-American bumblebee species29,39,42, and for two common European species (B. terrestris and B. pascuorum) on an European scale36,37. Although in the latter species, some indications of low genetic differentiation between central European and Scandinavian populations were observed, significant differentiation was only present between populations below and above the Alps showing the impact of large geographic barriers on population structuring37. Indeed, significant genetic differentiation between mainland populations have been shown in several widespread species across natural barriers such as mountains27,28,37, and between island and mainland populations17,26,27,28,35. There were no great mountains present within our study design to limit gene flow, and although the Baltic Sea could be considered as a great water body possibly limiting gene flow, we believe that there are still enough possibilities for gene flow over the main European continent. Hence, as genetic structuring could be present at both low and continental scale due to human-modified landscapes17,30,38 this presumably caused the significant differentiation between Belgian and Estonian populations. Another possible explanation is demonstrated in B. lapidarius by Lecocq et al.43. These authors showed evidence of genetic allopatric differentiation in B. lapidarius caused by population movement during Quaternary climatic oscillations. Belgian and Estonian B. lapidarius may have found refuge in another of the main refugia (Iberian Peninsula, Balkans, Centre-Eastern Europe, and Southern Italy) during Ice Ages causing differentiation, and may be reinforced during post-glacial recolonization43,44,45. Although the hypothesis of different Ice-Age refugia has also been suggested in B. pascuorum37, more research is needed to support this hypothesis for both B. hypnorum and B. pascuorum, and to better understand the impact of Ice Age refugia on bumblebee population differentiation.

As our previous results demonstrated population differentiation in widespread bumblebee species on a large scale, we expected to observe greater or at least similar levels of population structuring in the restricted species. Indeed, due to the restricted distribution and declining population trends of these restricted species, one would expect limited gene flow due to less population connectivity, and fewer emerging queens. However, our result showed no or only very low structuring on both geographic scales between populations of restricted, declining bumblebee species. Maybe these restricted species have large dispersal abilities on mainland Europe, allowing them to provide sufficient gene flow between distant populations. However, as clear and accurate measurements of queen (and male) dispersal rates are currently lacking, this hypothesis cannot be tested.

It is important to realize that technical aspects may also influence our results of structuring within the restricted species. The low level of genetic diversity detected within the restricted species (B. ruderarius and B. sylvarum; see Table 1) could impair the ability to detect population structuring. Indeed, due to past population dynamics (as discussed in18) genetic diversity maybe became so low that no or only few rare alleles are present and thus additional losses due to drift and limited gene flow are unlikely to be detected. The absence of population structuring in restricted species may thus be an artifact of the limited amount of markers used within our study. Recent advances in genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) methods such as RAD-sequencing (restriction site-associated DNA sequencing) made screening the bumblebee genome for thousands of polymorphisms possible39,42,43,44,45,46 allowing the possibility to greatly enlarge the power of population differentiation studies among others. Future research is needed to exclude possible biases due to marker choice.

Finally, our results can contribute to current conservation management of restricted bumblebees. The absence of genetic structure within the declining species suggest that the European agricultural landscape is no barrier for gene flow possibly due to queen dispersal. However, as the latter seems unlikely considering multiple studies showing low dispersal abilities within these species26,31,32,33,34,35, clear measurements of queen dispersal possibilities are needed. Furthermore, as these declining species are characterized with low levels of genetic diversity (see also Maebe et al.18) they are more vulnerable for population losses due to environmental changes, which may even lead to local extinction9,10. Therefore, populations of declining bumblebees should be monitored over the European mainland for their present genetic diversity levels. This knowledge will allow for the development of accurate conservation and management strategies to help maintain or increase current genetic diversity levels, current population connectivity and their effective population sizes. The presence of structuring in the populations of more widespread, stable species has also major impacts on their conservation. Although there is still a high genetic diversity present within their populations, changing landscapes due to human, environmental or climate changes may limit gene flow between populations of these common species. The connection between populations, which have belonged to one metapopulation, must be ensured to allow gene flow and avoid possible future genetic isolation. Furthermore, additional studies must enlarge our knowledge on how human-modified landscapes may influence population structuring17,26,38 and which role glacial refugia had on current bumble bee population differentiation.

Material and Methods

Sampling and proportional abundance measurement

To be able to compare genetic diversity and population structuring at small and large geographic scale, we selected several sampling locations from two European countries (Belgium and Estonia, around 1.650 km separated; Fig. 4). In Belgium, Moorsel, Francorchamps, Trivières, Nieuwpoort and Torgny were selected as sampling locations, which are separated 56 to 265 km. A total of 439 workers of seven bumblebee species (B. ruderarius, B. soroeensis, B. sylvarum, B. hortorum, B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius, and B. pascuorum) were collected from these five locations. These specimens were already genotyped with 16 microsatellites to study temporal stability of genetic diversity16. All bumblebees were sampled during straight ahead transect walks using a net, and during suitable weather conditions for pollinators at three and four days during the bumblebee foraging season of 2013 and 2015, respectively. For the two Estonian locations; Harjumaa and Põlvamaa, which are separated 210 km, 345 specimens of the same seven bumble bee species were sampled during the bumblebee foraging seasons of 2015 and 2017 (Table 1). All specimens were collected individually with small glass jars from the flowers, killed within chloroform, and individually stored in the freezer at −20 °C awaiting further DNA extraction.

DNA extraction and microsatellite protocol

DNA extraction of individual bumblebee workers were performed on one middle leg using a Chelex DNA extraction protocol as described in Maebe et al.47. Extractions were afterwards stored frozen at −20 °C. Each specimen was genotyped with 16 microsatellite (MS) loci. These 16 MS loci gave reliable signals in previous research using different bumblebee species16,47: BL13, BT02, BT23, BT24, BL02, BT04, BT05, BT08, and BT1048; B100, B11, B126, and B13249; and 0294, 0304, and 0810

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