Xshell 4.Commercial v4.0.0093 serial key or number

V100R005

Installation Guide (SAN Volume)

06

Date

2016-04-01

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2016. All rights reserved.

Trademarks and Permissions

Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the
customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the
purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information,
and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or
representations of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and
recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Industrial Base

Website:

http://e.huawei.com

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

About This Document

About This Document

Technical support engineers

Maintenance engineers

Update History
Updates between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue
contains all updates made in previous issues.

Updates in Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Updates in Issue 05 (2015-04-08)

Updates in Issue 04 (2014-10-30)

Updates in Issue 03 (2013-04-15)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

ii

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

About This Document

Updates in Issue 02 (2012-12-30)

Updates in Issue 01 (2012-11-30)

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

iii

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

Contents

Contents
About This Document.....................................................................................................................ii
1 Safety Operation Guide............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Alarm and Safety Symbols............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 ESD.................................................................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Using Lasers Safely........................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Using Fibers Safely........................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Short Circuit................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Operating the Equipment................................................................................................................................................4

2 Installation Plan.............................................................................................................................6
3 Installation Flow.......................................................................................................................... 13
4 Preparations for Installation......................................................................................................14
4.1 Tools and Meters...........................................................................................................................................................15
4.2 Checking the Installation Environment........................................................................................................................ 16
4.3 Unpacking and Checking Goods.................................................................................................................................. 19

5 Installing Storage Devices......................................................................................................... 25

6 Connecting Cables.......................................................................................................................71
Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

iv

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

Contents

6.1 Connecting Ground Cables...........................................................................................................................................73

7 Checking the Hardware Installation..................................................................................... 103

12 (Optional) Installing an iSCSI Initiator.............................................................................. 154

13 (Optional)Installing UltraPath..............................................................................................160
Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

Contents

14 (Optional) Installing UltraAPM........................................................................................... 161

19 Making Cables and Connectors............................................................................................175

20 Cable Labels............................................................................................................................. 188

21 How to Obtain Help................................................................................................................196

A Glossary......................................................................................................................................199
B Acronyms and Abbreviations.................................................................................................209

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

vi

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

1 Safety Operation Guide

Safety Operation Guide

About This Chapter

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

1 Safety Operation Guide

1.1 Alarm and Safety Symbols

Description
ESD Protection Symbol
Indicates a caution that you need to wear an electrostatic discharge
(ESD) wrist strap or glove to avoid damage caused by electrostatic
to boards.
Enclosure Grounding Symbol
Indicates the position of the grounding point.

System Disk Swap and Install Warning Symbol

1.2 ESD
When installing and maintaining the equipment, follow the ESD safety precautions to prevent
personal injury or equipment damage.

indicates an electrostatically sensitive area. When operating equipment in this area,

Do not wear an ESD strap while the equipment is powering on. This may cause a power
shock.

Do not touch the device with bare hands to avoid damaging the electrostatic sensitive
devices (ESSDs) on the circuit board.

The electronic line is very prone to electrostatic damage. Wear the ESD wrist strap, ESD
gloves, and ESD clothes properly when handling disks, especially bare disks. Hold only
the edge of the disk.

Since an ESD wrist strap only prevents static electricity from the body, an ESD coat is
required to prevent static electricity from clothes.

Wear the ESD wrist strap, ESD gloves, and ESD clothes before installing or replacing
the device. Otherwise, static electricity may damage the ESSDs on the circuit board.

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

1 Safety Operation Guide

Use special ESD bags to carry or transport the parts.

1.3 Using Lasers Safely

Personal injury

Equipment damage

Personal Injury

DANGER
The laser emitted by the optical transceiver is invisible infrared ray, which may cause
permanent damage to human eyes. Do not look into the optical transceiver during device
maintenance.

Equipment Damage
To prevent equipment damage when you handle the equipment, be aware of the following
precautions:
l

The optical transceivers on the equipment or the cables, which are not used, must be
covered with protective caps.

When removing the cable that connects to the optical transceiver on the equipment,
cover the optical transceiver on the equipment and the cable with protective caps.

When you perform the hardware loopback test by connecting the cable to the optical
transceiver, add an attenuator to avoid damage to the optical transceiver as a result of
strong optical power.

When using the Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR), disconnect the cable
between the peer equipment and the local equipment to avoid damage to the optical
transceiver as a result of strong optical power.

Do not remove or insert the optical transceiver connecting to cables at will.

1.4 Using Fibers Safely

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

1 Safety Operation Guide

DANGER
The laser beam on the optical interface board or from the fiber may cause injuries to eyes. Do
not stare into the optical interface or fiber connector during installation and maintenance of
optical interface boards or fibers.

Cleaning the Fiber Connectors and Optical Interfaces

Special cleaning solvent (Isoamylol is preferred, propyl alcohol is the next, alcohol and
formalin are forbidden.)

Non-woven lens tissue

Special compressed gas

Cotton stick (medical cotton or long fiber cotton)

Special cleaning roll (Isoamylol is the most preferred cleaning solvent, propyl alcohol is
the next, alcohol and formalin are forbidden.)

Magnifier for optical connectors

Replacing Fibers
Use filter caps to cap the connectors of the fibers that are not used temporarily.

1.5 Short Circuit

NOTICE
l

Do not place tools on the air intake board of the enclosure; otherwise, a short circuit may
be caused.

Do not drop screws into the enclosure or the equipment; otherwise, a short circuit may be
caused.

1.6 Operating the Equipment

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

1 Safety Operation Guide

Power-on and Power-off

DANGER
l Before checking the device and cables, ensure that the system power supply is switched
off; otherwise, loose cable connections may result in personal injury or equipment
damage.
l Do not wear an ESD strap when the equipment is being powered on. This may cause a
power shock.
l

Do not swap cables and field replaceable units (FRUs) during system startup.

After you switch off the power supply, wait at least one minute before switching it back
on.

To avoid disk damage and data loss, do not switch the power supply off while any disk
running indicators are still blinking.

Troubleshooting

DANGER
Do not touch the connectors of power cables or communication cables. Otherwise, an
electrical shock may result if there is current in the cables.

NOTICE
Do not touch the device with bare hands in electrostaticly sensitive areas. Wear an ESD wrist
strap, ESD gloves, or ESD clothes to prevent personal injury or equipment damage.
When you perform troubleshooting, be aware of the following precautions:
l

Do not perform troubleshooting when lightning is present.

Ensure that the power cable is intact and the grounding measures are safe and effective.

Keep the troubleshooting area clean and dry.

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

2 Installation Plan

Installation Plan

This chapter describes the power distribution principles, hardware quantity, parameters for
initially configuring the storage system, expansion plan, hardware layout plan, and data
planning for initially configuring the storage system to avoid unnecessary rework during and
after the installation.
NOTE

Since similar procedures are used for installing S2200T and S2600T storage devices, this document uses
S2600T as an example. Therefore, some components described in this document may not be supported
by S2200T. For detailed S2200T hardware information, refer to the OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage
System V100R005 Hardware Description.

Power Distribution Principles

Principle

Equipment room

The power supply of a cabinet has a backup line.

Power
distribution
inside a cabinet
Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Power input lines of the device whose power input is N+1 backup
connect to different branches of the power supply.

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

Scenario

2 Installation Plan

Principle
The devices in the cabinet can be effectively protected against
overcurrent and short circuit.
The power distribution of the cabinet supports online maintenance of
devices (excluding the devices that require device-level backup and
auxiliary devices that do not affect the services in the cabinet).
It is recommended that you configure a PDU in the cabinet. Connect
the external power supply to the PDU, then the PDU supplies power to
the devices in the cabinet.
Devices in a cabinet can obtain power from the PDU of the cabinet
rather than from another cabinet.
The actuator directions of the breakers in a PDU are the same. If the
actuator direction is vertical, moving the actuator upward connects the
power supply, while moving the actuator downward disconnects the
power supply. If the actuator direction is horizontal, moving the
actuator to the left disconnects the power supply, while moving the
actuator to the right connects the power supply.
The power cables and signal cables should be separately routed in the
cabinet. The distance between these two kinds of cables should be at
least 3 cm (1.182 inches).
Each circuit breaker in the PDU can only connect one load.
The power of the devices in the cabinet corresponds to the rated current
of the protection components. The devices and system enclosures of the
same model can obtain power from the protection components with the
same rated current.
When a breaker that needs onsite cable connection is vertically
installed, feed cables from the top to the bottom of the breaker.

Hardware Quantity
Plan the hardware quantity before installing devices. Clarify the quantity of the hardware that
needs to be installed and may be expanded later to avoid costly large-scale replacement and
relocation.

Expansion Plan
Work out a proper expansion plan before installing devices. Complying with the expansion
principles improves installation efficiency.
This document uses the connection of 4 disk enclosures as an example to elaborate the
expansion principles that the storage system complies with, as shown in Figure 2-1.

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

2 Installation Plan

Figure 2-1 Networking 4 disk enclosures

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

2 Installation Plan

Layout Plan
Plan the device layout before installing the devices. A proper layout ensures the normal
running of the storage devices. The devices in the storage system must comply with the
following layout principles:
1.

It is recommended that you reserve a 1 U (44.45 mm, 1.75 inches) space between two
devices, if possible. Alternatively, you can set five disk enclosures as a group. In a
cabinet, at least 1 U space should be reserved between disk enclosure groups for
convenient management and less shock transfer.

2.

The distance between a cabinet and the wall should be at least 100 cm. The width of the
aisle in front of a cabinet should be at least 120 cm.

3.

The layout plan meets the requirement of power supply and cooling system of the
equipment room (depending on the cooling effect of the air conditioner). It is
recommended that you place up to 10 disk enclosures in a single cabinet.

4.

The bearable weight of the guide rails of a cabinet should be at least 50 kg.

5.

It is recommended that you use 3 m of SAS cables to connect different cabinets.

6.

It is recommended that the controller enclosure be installed in the middle of the cabinet
(from 15th U to 18th U). 2 U space should be reserved above the controller enclosure for
installing a potential side-hanging fiber reel.

Data Planning for Initially Configuring the Storage System

Default Subnet Mask

Controller A: 192.168.128.101

255.255.0.0

Controller B: 192.168.128.102

255.255.0.0

NOTE

This storage system is configured with IPv4 addresses by default. If IPv6 addresses are required,
you need to manually configure the management network ports with IPv6 addresses.

Do not configure the IPv4 addresses of the management network ports within the same network
segment as the IP addresses of the heartbeat network ports. The default IP addresses of the
heartbeat network ports (IPv4 addresses only) are 127.127.127.10 (for controller A) and
127.127.127.11 (for controller B).

Table 2-3 Default user name and password

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Default User Name

Default Password

admin

Admin@storage

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

2 Installation Plan

Before initially configuring the storage system, you need to plan the IP addresses and network
parameters together with your network administrator. Note these IP addresses and network
parameters in the following sheets to facilitate initial configuration.
Table 2-4 and Table 2-5 are planning sheets of the IP addresses of the management network
ports.
Table 2-4 New IPv4 addresses
IPv4 Address

Subnet Mask

Gateway

Controller A:_______________

_________________

_________________

Controller B:_______________

_________________

_________________

IPv6 Address

Prefix

Gateway

Controller A:_______________

_________________

_________________

Controller B:_______________

_________________

_________________

Table 2-5 New IPv6 addresses

Table 2-6 and Table 2-7 are planning sheets of parameters for configuring alarm handling
policies.
Table 2-6 Email notification setting
Parameter

Value

Sender's email address

_________________

IP address of the SMTPa server (IPv4 or

_________________

User name for logging in to the SMTP

_________________

Login password

_________________

Recipients' email address

_________________

a: SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.

Table 2-7 Phone number of the SMS service center

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Parameter

Value

Phone number of the SMSa service center

_________________

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

10

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

2 Installation Plan

Parameter

Value

a: SMS is short for Short Messaging Service.

Table 2-8 is the planning sheet of the IP addresses of the iSCSI (Internet Small Computer
Systems Interface) host ports on the storage device.
Table 2-8 IP addresses of the iSCSI host ports on the storage device
Controller, Slot,
Port

IP Address
(IPv4 or IPv6)

Subnet
Mask (for
IPv4 Only)

Prefix (for
IPv6 Only)

Gateway

Controller A, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Controller A, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Controller A, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Controller A, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Controller B, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Controller B, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Controller B, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Controller B, slot___,
port___

__________

__________

__________

__________

Table 2-9 lists the reserved ports for storage devices. These ports must not be shielded for
proper communication.
Table 2-9 Reserved ports for the storage device

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Protocol

Port

Function

TCP

22

SSH service port

80

HTTP service port

2000

Cisco-SCCP (insmod.org)

3260

iSCSI

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

11

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

Protocol

UDP

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

2 Installation Plan

Port

Function

5988

self-defined

5989

self-defined

19001

self-defined

19002

self-defined

67

boottps

69

TFTP

161

SNMP

427

SLP

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

12

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

3 Installation Flow

Installation Flow

The installation workflow provides a general view over the installation tasks. Follow the
installation workflow for smooth installation.
The installation workflow is shown in Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1 Installation flow

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

13

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

Preparations for Installation

About This Chapter

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

14

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

4.1 Tools and Meters

Name

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Function

Marker

Makes signs during the installation.

Phillips screwdriver
(M3 to M6)

Fastens small screws. The Phillips

Flat-head screwdriver
(M3 to M6)

Fastens small screws. The flat-head

Diagonal pliers

Cuts the insulation and cable ties.

Crimp pliers

Crimps the metallic band when making

Box cutter

Cuts packing tape on boxes.

Floating nut mounting

Assembles and disassembles floating

ESD clothes

Prevents static electricity.

ESD gloves

Prevents static electricity.

ESD wrist strap

Prevents static electricity.

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

15

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

Table 4-2 lists the meters required during the installation.

Figure

Function

Multimeter

Tests cabinet insulation and cable

Network cable tester

Tests whether a network cable is

Devices can be installed most efficiently with the help of documentation.

4.2 Checking the Installation Environment

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

No.

Item

Requirement

Site selection

The site of the equipment room must be free of: high or low
temperature, heavy dust, harmful gas, inflammable or
explosive materials, electromagnetic interference (nearby
large-sized radar station, broadcast transmitting station, or
transformer station), unstable electric voltage, and large
vibration or strong noise. Therefore, during the engineering
design, you need to consider hydrology, geography,
earthquake, electric power, and transportation conditions
according to the technical requirements for communication
network planning and communication devices.

Civil construction

The size of the equipment room must be sufficient for product

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

16

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

No.

Item

Requirement

Operating room
temperature

l When the altitude is lower than 1800 m (5904 feet), the

Particle
Contaminants

l ISOa 14664-1 Class8.

Corrosive
Airborne
Contaminants

l Copper corrosion rate: less than 300 b/month per

l You are advised to ask a professional organization to

l Silver corrosion rate: less than 200 /month.

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Air conditioner

If the temperature in the room exceeds 35C, you are

Moisture-proof
measures

If the relative humidity is greater than 70%, install the

Heating

For an environment where the average daily temperature is

Ventilation and
heat dissipation

To ensure smooth ventilation, the cabinet should be at least

10

Dust-proof
measures

For the equipment room near dust sources (such as coal

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

17

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

No.

Item

Requirement

11

Ground resistance

Less than 10 . The distance between the top of the ground

12

Ground lead-in

The ground bar in the equipment room should be connected to

13

Lightning
protection

The equipment room must be provided with lightning

14

AC voltage

The AC power voltage of the equipment room must range

15

DC voltage

The DC power module voltage of the equipment room must

16

Circuit breaker

To prevent other devices connected to the circuit breakers

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

17

AC power ground

Do not connect the neutral line of a power cable to the

18

AC surge
protection

The AC power system of the equipment room must be

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

18

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

No.

Item

Requirement

19

DC power ground

The storage device is a type of DC-I device on which the

20

Transmission
device

The debugging of the transmission device is complete, and the

21

Cabinet

The depth of the cabinet must be at least 800 mm (31.52

a: ISO (International Organization for Standardization).

In addition, make sure that the following special requirements on the site are met:
l

Ensure that doors, passageways, and elevators are of adequate dimensions to allow
passage of the cabinets.

Before installation, check whether to submit the qualification certificate of the

Confirm the delivery time and installation time in advance, for example, from 8:00 a.m.
to 6:00 p.m.

NOTICE
l

Take particular care to avoid bumping into doors, walls, or shelves during transportation,
relocation, or installation of storage devices.

Do not touch the components or uncoated metal surface of any unit with dirty ESD
gloves.

4.3 Unpacking and Checking Goods

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

19

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

Prerequisites
l

The goods have been delivered to the site.

Both the project supervisor and customer representative are present.

1.

The bag containing Packing List is glued to the surface of the box.

2.

After receiving the packages, unpack and inspect them according to the packing list item
by item.

Context

If the items received do not match those in the packing list, notify the local office's
order management engineer. Ask the project supervisor and customer representative
to sign the Packing List.
Involvement of the project supervisor and customer representative will be required
if:
n

The shipment contains an overage.

The shipment is incomplete.

The packing list is incorrect.

The goods are damaged.

If any of those issues occurs, ask the project supervisor and customer representative
to sign the Memo for Unpacking and Inspecting Goods and the Packing List.

After inspecting the goods, the project supervisor and customer representative must
sign the packing list to confirm that all goods are non-defective.

Procedure
Step 1 Check the goods before unpacking them.
NOTE

Take out the Packing List and check the goods according to the Packing List.

The project supervisor and customer representative check and accept the goods together after
a project starts. Table 4-4 lists the check items.
Table 4-4 Check items for goods unpacking
Item

Content

Check whether the exterior of the packing boxes are intact, and whether the boxes
are damaged or soaked.

Make sure that the items have been delivered to the correct address.

Ensure that the total number of the items matches the Packing List attached to the
packing boxes.

Step 2 Check the exterior of the packing boxes:

If the number of the goods is correct and the exteriors of packing boxes are intact,
unpack and check the goods.

If the number of items is different than what is listed in the packing list, the packing
boxes are seriously damaged or soaked, or the devices are rusted or soaked - stop

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

20

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

4 Preparations for Installation

unpacking the goods immediately, find the reason, and report the result to the local
office.
Step 3 Unpacking Devices.
Using the recommended procedure when unpacking can avoid damage to the devices.

NOTICE
l Avoid bumping into doors, walls, or shelves during transportation.
l During the transport of the devices, do not touch the uncoated metal surface of
components with sweaty or dirty gloves.
l Clear the foam and cushion boards from the installation site to ease moving the devices
and components.
l Wear ESD gloves when removing the ESD bags and touching devices.
l If the devices are soaked or rusted, stop unpacking the devices immediately, find the
reason, and report the result to the local office.
For the procedure for unpacking the devices, see the unpacking illustrations attached to the
packing boxes.
Step 4 Using the information on the Order List and Packing List, inspect all components in each
package.
Step 5 Check each component's package for any obvious damage.
Step 6 Unpack each package and check that all the components are intact.
Table 4-5, Table 4-6, and Table 4-7 list the check items.
NOTE

l Table 4-5, Table 4-6, and Table 4-7 do not list all the materials. Instead, the Packing List lists all the
materials.
l If any material is damaged or lost, notify the local office for subsequent handling.

Table 4-5 Components

Appearance

Controller enclosure

Requirement
l Appearance: clean,
undamaged, and free of
loose parts or scratches
l Silkscreen: intact and
clear

Disk enclosure

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

l Amount: consistent
with the quantity listed
in the Packing List

21

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

Name

4 Preparations for Installation

Appearance

Requirement

Appearance

Requirement

Optical transceiver

Table 4-6 Cables

l Appearance: clean and

Ground cable

l Connector: firm
l Amount: consistent
with the quantity listed
in the Packing List

Serial cable

mini SAS cable

Shielded twisted pair

Optical cable

AC power cable

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

22

OceanStor S2200T&S2600T Storage System

Name

4 Preparations for Installation

Appearance

Requirement

Name

Appearance

Requirement

Installation template

4U installation template:

Amount: consistent with

DC power cable

Table 4-7 Accessories

2U installation template:

Adjustable guide rail

Floating nut

M6 screw

Issue 06 (2016-04-01)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

Share

Transcript

1 DOE/TIC- 1 1026 A Handbook of Decay Data for Application to Radiation Dosimetry and Radiological Assessments David C. Kocher Office of Scientific and Technical Information U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

2 ABOUT THE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION . The Department of Energys Scientific and Technical Information Program (STIP) is carried out at many levels within the Depart- ment and by its contractor organizations. The Office of Scien- tific and Technical Information (OSTI) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, provides direction and leadership for STlP and serves as DOEs national center for scientific and technical information manage- ment and dissemination. Both DOE-originated information and worldwide literature regarding advances in subjects of interest to DOE researchers are collected, processed, and disseminated through an energy information system maintained by OSTI. The major data bases in this system are available within the United States through commercial on-line systems and to those outside the United States through formal governmental exchange agreements. The current-year records for the major data base, plus a number of specialized data bases, are available to DOE offices and contractors through OSTls Integrated Technical Information System (ITIS). ITIS also serves as a gateway to other government and commercial systems and provides infor- mation merging for customized information products. To manage DOEs informotion resources effectively, DOEs Scien- tific and Technical Information Program is one of continual development and evaluation of new information products, systems, and technologies.

3 DISCLA1MER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein t o any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions- of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

4 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

5 DOE/TIC-1 1026 (DE81002999) A Handbookof Decay Data for Application to Radiation Dosimetry and Radiological Assessments David C.Kocher Health and Safety Research Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1981 _. Published by Office of Scientific and Technical Information U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

6 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kocher, David C. Radioactive decay data tables. DOE/TIC-11026 1 . Radioactive decay-Tables. I. Title. [ D N LM: 1. Radioactivity-Tables. WN 16 K76r] QC795.8.D4K62 539.75 81 -607800 ISBN 0-87079-124-9 AACR2 Available as D E 8 1 0 0 2 9 9 9 National Technical Information Service U S. Department of Commerce 5 2 8 5 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 2 2 1 6 1 D O E Distribution Category U C - 4 1 Price Code: Paper Copy A 1 1 Microfiche A 0 1 Printed in the United States of America April 1981; latest printing November 1988

7 Radioactive D e c a y Data Tables This compilation of radioactive decay data culminates occupationally exposed individuals. Approximately 8 years of effort in the field of nuclear d a t a 500 radionuclides are contained in the current data compilation and evaluation. During the first 4'/2 years base, and our recent experience suggests that almost of this time, I worked with the Nuclear Data Project all radionuclides o f potential impact on the general in the Physics Division a t Oak Ridge National public or occupationally exposed individuals have Laboratory (ORNL). The primary interest of this been included. The data for each radionuclide have group i s the evaluation of a wide variety of nuclear been maintained on an up-to-date basis by examina- physics data t o determine the structure and prop- tion of all recent experimental results published in erties of atomic nuclei, and i t s most visible contribu- the open literature and incorporation of these results tion t o nuclear structure physics is the mass-chain into the data base whenever warranted. The data base evaluations published in the journal Nuclear Data takes into account all experimental results reported Sheets. t o me prior t o July 1, 1979. In 1976, I joined the Technology Assessments Several compilations o f radioactive decay data Section of the Health and Safety Research Division a t similar in some respects to this one have been ORNL. Since that time I have been concerned with published in recent years. Particularly noteworthy are the evaluation and compilation of radioactive decay the compilations by L. T. Dillman and F. C. data from the point of view of i t s application t o Von der Lage, published in 1975 in Pamphlet No. 10 radiation dosimetry and radiological assessments. of t h e Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee, Initially, I prepared a data base of evaluated decay and M. J. Martin of the Nuclear Data Project, data for 240 radionuclides of potential importance in published in 1978 in Report No. 58 of the National the nuclear fuel cycle. This data base was adopted for Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. use by the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and The proliferation of published compilations contain- the data were published in August 1977 as the report ing data for large numbers of radionuclides i s ORNL/NUREG/TM:102. testimony to the successful application of computers The radioactive decay _data tabulated in this to the processing of data bases of this type. handbook result from the continual expansion and In spite of the apparent similarities between the updating of the data base published in the afore- different compilations, there are some differences of mentioned report. I n addition t o the radionuclides of importance t o potential users o f the data. The most interest in the nuclear fuel cycle, the data base now obvious i s the particular selection of radionuclides. comprises most of the nuclides occurring naturally in More subtle differences may result from the various the environment, those of current interest in nuclear methods used t o select and evaluate data from the medicine and fusion reactor technology, and some literature and t o prepare the data sets. It is worth (but hardly all!) additional radionuclides of interest emphasizing that there i s a considerable degree o f t o Committee 2 of the International Commission on subjectivity in this process and two knowledgeable Radiological Protection for the estimation of annual compilers can therefore produce somewhat different limits of intake and derived air concentrations for decay schemes for a given radionuclide starting from iii

8 the same data in the literature. We note, however, effort was required on my part to prepare many of that the differences would likely be within experi- the data sets in the proper format. In the meantime, mental uncertainties unless the decay scheme is however, ENSD F has been expanded to currently poorly determined from the data. include more than 1500 radioactive decay data sets. In the preparation of the decay data in this I f a compiler were to begin now to assemble a handbook, the fundamental principle has been to compilation such as the one presented in this hand- critically evaluate the available data from all source! book, he or she would be able t o rely almost in the open literature and attempt to construct the exclusively on data sets already contained in ENSDF, most accurate decay scheme consistent with the data and little additional effort in evaluating data and rather than simply to adopt a decay scheme proposed producing new data sets would be required. Thus it is by another compiler or experimenter without further my intention in the future to rely on ENSDF rather examination. The evaluation process i s not always than continually updating a separate data base of my foolproof, however, since the compiler is occasionally own to provide additional radioactive decay data that faced with reconciling or choosing between disparate might be needed in the radiological assessment sets of data, and the choices made may not prove to activities of the Health and Safety Research Division. be correct. It is clear, therefore, that the biases of the It is worth noting that, with few exceptions, the compiler can play an important role in the process of decay data contained in this handbook are not likely selecting and evaluating data. It is hoped that my to change significantly over the next few years as the biases and data-evaluation philosophy have been result of new measurements. Most of the decay applied reasonably consistently to obtain the adopted schemes have been studied with reasonable care and data sets for all the radionuclides contained herein. accuracy, and only minor improvements in the data I cannot overemphasize the importance of the of l i t t l e significance for radiological applications can contributions of the staff of the Nuclear Data Project be expected. Thus I anticipate that the data con- and other compilers who have published mass-chain tained in this handbook and in other recent compila- compilations in the journals Nuclear Data Sheets and tions can be used with confidence for a considerable Nuclear Physics t o the successful completion of this period of time. work. I am particularly grateful to W. B. Ewbank, I would like to express my appreciation to G. G. director of the Nuclear Data Project, for his continual Killough, R. 0. Chester, P. S. Rohwer, and S. V. Kaye assistance and cooperation throughout this effort. of the Health and Safety Research Division a t ORNL The Nuclear Data Project maintains a computer and to F. Swanberg, Jr., of the Division of Safe- file called the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File guards, Fuel Cycle, and Environmental Research a t (ENSDF). Radioactive decay data sets written in the the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for their support ENSDF format were used t o generate the tables of and encouragement of this effort. This research was decay data given in this handbook. When work on sponsored by the Office of Nuclear Regulatory this compilation began early in 1976, much of the Research, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, radioactive decay data previously published in under Interagency Agreement DOE 40-550-75 with Nuclear Data Sheets and Nuclear Physics had not yet the U. S. Department of Energy under contract been entered in ENSDF. Consequently considerable W-7405-eng-26 with the Union Carbide Corporation. David C. Kocher Health and Safety Research Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory

9 Radioactive Decay Data Tables ...

10 Introduction The estimation of radiation dose to man from either of the discussion in Chaps. 2 and 3 i s probably not external or internal exposure t o radionuclides re- comprehensible t o readers lacking a basic knowledge quires a knowledge of the energies and intensities of of atomic and nuclear structure. Without deviating the atomic and nuclear radiations emitted during the substantially from the scope of this handbook, it is radioactive decay process. The availability of evalu- difficult t o adequately define such concepts as spin ated decay data for the large number of radionuclides and parity, gamma-ray transition multipolarity, for- of interest is thus of fundamental importance for biddenness of beta transitions, and energy levels of radiation dosimetry. nuclei and orbital atomic electrons. The inclusion of This handbook contains a compilation of decay the material of a specialized nature should provide data for approximately 500 radionuclides. These data the interested reader with a reasonably self-contained constitute an evaluated data file that I have con- description of the decay data and how they were structed for use in the radiological assessment activi- obtained, but these discussions should not preclude ties of the Technology Assessments Section of the proper interpretation of the data tables by any Health and Safety Research Division a t Oak Ridge interested user. National Laboratory. Chapter 4 describes the tables of radioactive decay data and the computer code MEDLIST used to The radionuclides selected for this handbook produce the table^.^ Some applications of the radio- include those occurring naturally in the environment, active decay data t o problems of interest in radiation those of potential importance in routine or accidental dosimetry and radiological assessments a r e described releases from the nuclear fuel cycle, those of current in Chap. 5. The calculation of the activity of a interest in nuclear medicine and fusion reactor daughter radionuclide relative t o the activity of i t s -- technology, and some of those of interest to Commit- parent in a radioactive decay chain is described in tee 2 o f the International Commission on Radiologi- Chap. 6. Chapter 7 discusses the accuracy of the cal Protection for the estimation of annual limits on decay data in this handbook with particular emphasis intake via inhalation and ingestion for occupationally on radionuclides for which the data may be signifi- exposed individuals. This handbook supersedes a cantly in error with regard to applications to radia- previous report,' which was concerned only with tion dosimetry. radionuclides from the nuclear fuel cycle. The symbols appearing in the tables of decay data The physical processes involved in radioactive and their definitions are listed in Appendix 1. decay which produce the different types of radiation Appendix 2 provides an index of the tables o f observed are discussed in Chap. 2. The methods used radioactive decay data, and Appendix 3 contains the t o prepare the decay data sets for each radionuclide literature references on which the tables are based. in the format of the computerized Evaluated Nuclear Appendix 4 gives diagrams of all decay chains involv- Structure Data File (ENSDF),2 developed and main- ing two or more raldionuclides in the present compila- tained by the Nuclear Data Project a t Oak Ridge tion. The tables of radioactive decay data are pre- National Laboratory, are described i n Chap. 3. Some sented in Appendix 5. 1

11 This handbook is one of several similar compila- Facilities, ERDA Report ORNL/NUREG/TM-102, Oak tions of radioactive decay data which have appeared Ridge National Laboratory, 1977, NTIS. 2. W. B. Ewbank and M. R. Schmorak, Evaluated Nuclear in recent years. Particularly recommended is the Structure Data File-A Manual for Preparation of Data compilation by Dillman and Von der Lage,4 which Sets, ERDA Report ORNL-5054/RI, Oak Ridge National contains data for 122 radionuclides o f interest t o Laboratory, 1978, NTIS. nuclear medicine, and the compilation prepared by 3. M. J. Martin (Ed.), Nuclear Decay Dara for Selected M. J. Martin of the Nuclear Data Project for the Radionuclides, ERDA Report ORNL-5114, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1976, NTIS. National Council on Radiation Protection and Mea- 4. L. T. Dillman and F. C. Von der Lage, Radionuclide Decay surement~,~which contains data for about 210 Schemes and Nuclear Parameters for Use in Radiation- radionuclides of interest primarily t o nuclear medi- Dose Estimation, Pamphlet I O , Society of Nuclear Medi- cine and the nuclear fuel cycle. I have independently cine, New York, 1975. reevaluated decay data for all radionuclides in the 5. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure- previous compilations which are included in this ments, A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Proce- dures, Report No. 58, 1978. compilation. REFERENCES 1. D. C. Kocher, Nuclear Decay Data for Radionuclides Occurring in Routine Releases from Nuclear Fuel Cycle 2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA TABLES

12 Review of Radioactive Decay Processes The term "radioactivity" denotes those spontaneous radiation produced when electrons emitted in radio- changes of state in atomic nuclei which release energy active decay are slowed down by passage through in the form of electromagnetic or particle radiations. matter. Bremsstrahlung forms a continuous spectrum This chapter discusses briefly the different radioactive of energies ranging from zero energy to the kinetic decay processes in sufficient detail to allow an energy of the emitted electron with the intensity understanding of the tables in Appendix 5. This distribution considerably skewed toward the lower presentation and the discussions in Chaps. 4 and 6 energies. Intensities of bremsstrahlung from slowing follow closely those given previously by Martin.' J down of alpha particles and other heavy charged For examples of more-detailed discussions of radio- particles, such as recoil nuclei and fission fragments, active decay processes, the reader i s referred t o the are expected to be very small compared with electron report by Dillman3 and the reference work of bremsstrahlung. Bremsstrahlung consists of two Siegba hn.4 types, external and internal. External bremsstrahlung In this compilation we are concerned with alpha results from the interaction of the emitted electrons decay, beta decay [including /3-, /3+, and electron with the atoms in the material surrounding the capture (EC)], isomeric transitions (i.e., the decay of radiating atom; so i.he energy spectrum depends on long-lived excited states of a nucleus t o states of the atomic composition of the surrounding medium. lower energy i n the same nucleus), and the various In some cases, particularly for radionuclides that emit atomic and nuclear radiations that accompany these only beta particles, external bremsstrahlung can be of processes. Nuclear radiations are those which result importance in radiation dosimetry. Methods for directly from a change of state of the nucleus and calculating external bremsstrahlung in such materials include alpha particles, 0- and 0' particles; gamma as air, muscle, fat, and bone have been implemented rays, and internal conversion electrons. Atomic radia- by Dillman.3 Internal bremsstrahlung occurs as an tions are those which result from the subsequent electron is being ejected from the decaying nucleus changes of state of the orbital electrons-in the itself and thus may be considered an inherent part of daughter atom and include X rays and Auger elec- the radioactive decay process. Internal brems- trons. strahlung i s also discussed in the report by Dillman.3 A radioactive decay process not considered in this I n general, this radiation can be neglected for the compilation i s spontaneous fission, which can be the purposes of radiation dosimetry because of i t s low most important mode of decay in terms of total intensity and low average energy. energy released for some of the transuranic radio- nuclides. Methods for estimating energy distributions of neutrons, prompt and delayed gamma rays, and 2-1 ALPHA DECAY beta particles, as well as the average energies of these radiations, have been given by Dillman and Jones.' I n alpha decay an atom with atomic number Z A type of radiation also not considered in this and mass number A emits an alpha particle ( a 4He compilation i s bremsstrahlung, which is the gamma nucleus with Z = 2 and A = 4) producing a daughter 3

13 atom with atomic number 2-2 and mass number A-4. beta decay are included in the decay scheme of the The difference in total energy between the initial parent radionuclide. state in the parent atom and the final state in the daughter i s divided between the emitted alpha parti- 2-2.1 0- Decay cle and the recoil energy of the daughter. From I n 0- decay, an antineutrino (7) and a negative conservation of energy and momentum, the energy of electron (0-1 are emitted from the nucleus as a result the alpha particle for a particular transition, E, can of the transformation of a neutron into a proton: be written as E n-+p+P-+F E, = (2.1) 1 + (4.0026/Md) Therefore the decay increases the atomic number by E=Q,+E,-EL (2.2) one unit, but the mass number remains the same. Because two different radiations are emitted from the where E = total transition energy nucleus (beta decay i s a so-called three-body process), Q, = difference in energy between the ground the energy released in a single /3- transition is divided states of the parent and daughter atoms between the 0- particle and the antineutrino in a E, = excitation energy of the alpha-emitting statistical manner. Thus, when a large number of level in the parent (E, = 0.0 I except for an transitions between the same two energy levels in the isomeric level) parent and daughter is considered, the 0- particles EL = excitation energy of the level in the daugh- (and the antineutrinos) have a continuous kinetic ter fed by the alpha decay energy distribution from zero energy to a maximum Md = atomic mass of the daughter value called the endpoint energy. From conservation of energy, the endpoint energy for a 0- transition is and 4.0026 i s the atomic mass of an alpha particle. given by The recoil energy of the daughter is given by 4.0026 E, E=E-E = (2.3) Md where 0- i s the energy difference between the ground states of the parent and daughter atoms and The recoil energy of the daughter has not been E, and EL are the same as in Eq. 2.2. included in the tables of decay data in this handbook, For application t o radiation dosimetry, the quan- but this energy should be taken into account, for tity of interest for a continuous spectrum from 0- example, in estimating the dose from internally decay is often the average energy, E ( P - ) , defined as deposited alpha-emitting radionuclides. Alpha transitions that feed excited states of the daughter nucleus are usually accompanied by addi- tional prompt radiations (e.g., gamma rays and internal conversion electrons) as the excited state decays to the ground state of the daughter. These where Np(E), called the probability distribution processes are described in Sec. 2-3. Except for alpha function, is the probability that a 0- particle has decays to an isomeric state in the daughter, which is energy between E and E + d E . The probability then treated as a separate radionuclide, these addi- distribution function i s obtained from the Fermi tional radiations are included in the decay scheme of theory of beta decay, as described by Gove and the parent radionuclide. Martin.6 This function depends on the so-called degree of forbiddenness of the transition, which is 2-2 BETA DECAY determined by the changes i n total angular momen- tum (spin) and parity between the initial state in the Beta decay includes the processes of 0-,0+, and parent and the level fed in the daughter. In this electron capture decay. As with alpha decay, the compilation, the beta transitions are assumed to have prompt radiations resulting from the de-excitation of the probability distribution function for an allowed excited states in the daughter nucleus produced by transition unless the spin (J) and parity (n)change is 4 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA TABLES

14 AJ" = 2- or 3', in which case the distribution Thus, like /3' decay, electron capture decay decreases function for a first-forbidden unique transition or a the atomic number by one unit, and the mass number second-forbidden unique transition is used. remains the same. The capture of an atomic electron leaves the daughter atom with a vacancy in one of its 2-2.2 0' Decay atomic energy levels, which are also called atomic shells. I f A: is defined as the electron binding energy In 0' decay a neutrino ( v ) and a positron (0') are for shell X in the daughter atom (i.e., the energy emitted from the nucleus as a result of the transfor- required to remove an electron in shell X from the mation of a proton into a neutron: atom), the total energy available for electron capture decay is p+n+p++v As in 0- decay, the fl' particles emitted in a transition between particular levels in the parent and where 0 '. E, and EL are as defined in Secs. 2-1 and daughter nuclei have a continuous distribution of 2-2.2. Thus the energy available for electron capture energies that can be characterized by the endpoint, decay is greater than that available for 0' decay (see Emax($), and average, E($", energies. The P'-decay Eq. 2.6) by an amount equal t o two electron res\ process decreases the atomic number by one unit, and masses minus a small correction for the orbital the mass number remains the same. From conserva- electron binding energy in the shell X from which tion of energy, the endpoint energy for a p' transition electron capture occurs. The electron binding energies is given by used in this work are obtained from Bearden and Burr.' Emax(@')= Q' + E, - EL - 2mocZ (2.6) For a given transition, the vacancy resulting from atomic electron capture will be distributed among the where Q' i s the energy difference between the ground various shells, denoted by K, L, M, etc., in order of states of the parent and daughter atoms, mOcZis the decreasing binding energy. This distribution affects rest mass energy of an electron (511 keV), and E, the relative intensii.ies of X rays and Auger electrons and EL are as defined in Eq. 2.2. We note that 0' that result from the filling of the initial vacancy by an decay cannot occur unless the energy difference electron from a higher (less tightly bound) atomic between the parent and daughter levels is greater than shell. The probabilities for K-, L-, and M-shell capture 2mocZ = 1022 keV. That part of the total transition for allowed, first-forbidden unique, and second- energy which i s "lost" in the formation of the two forbidden unique electron capture transitions are electron rest masses is normally "regained" when the calculated as described by Gove and Martin.6 If emitted positron annihilates a t rest in the matter K-shell electron capture is energetically allowed, it surrounding the decaying atom, producing two generally has a higher probability than capture from 51 1 -keV annihilation gamma rays. The small proba- higher atomic shells. The report by Dillman3 dis- bility of positron annihilation in flight can be cusses electron capture decay in more detail. ignored. Electron capture always competes with 0' decay As with /3- decay, the probability distribution whenever the transition energy i s greater than 2m0cZ function N i ( E ) for 0' particles is obtained by using (1022 keV). In general, the probability for electron the Fermi theory of beta decay for an allowed capture relative to positron emission increases with transition, with an appropriate correction for known decreasing transition energy and with increasing f irst-forbidden unique or second-forbidden unique atomic number. When the transition energy i s too transitions.'j small to allow positron emission, only electron capture decay occurs. 2-2.3 Electron Capture Decay In electron capture decay an atomic electron is captured by the nucleus, which transforms a proton 2-3 ELECTROMAGNETIC DE-EXCITATION into a neutron, and a neutrino is emitted via the OF NUCLEAR ENERGY LEVELS process Most of the excited states of a daughter nucleus p + e- +n +v formed by alpha or beta decay of a parent decay very REVIEW OF RA[MOACTIVE DECAY PROCESSES 5

15 rapidly via electromagnetic processes t o states of transition energy, the atomic number of the nucleus, lower energy (eventually to the ground state) in the and the so-called transition multipolarity, which is daughter. The de-excitation results in the emission of determined by the spin-parity change between the either gamma rays or internal conversion electrons. initial and final states in the nucleus.* I n general, the Long-lived isomeric states may also decay to lower internal conversion coefficient for a particular atomic energy states in the same nucleus via electromagnetic shell or subshell increases with decreasing transition transitions. energy (as long as the particular internal conversion process is energetically allowed), increasing atomic 2-3.1 Gamma Radiation number, and increasing transition multipolarity. Internal conversion is often negligible for transitions When a gamma ray (y) is emitted by a nucleus in in light nuclei but may occur with nearly 100% a transition from a higher to a lower energy state, the probability in isomeric transitions with high multi- gamma-ray energy is equal t o the energy difference polarity or in low-energy transitions in heavy nuclei. between the two levels minus the energy of nuclear Usually, the internal conversion coefficient for a recoil given by given transition is largest for the innermost shell for E, 5.4 X IO- 7 [E(y)12 - ke" which internal conversion i s energetically possible and E (2.8) A decreases for each higher shell. Exceptions occur, however, for transition energies slightly greater than where E(y) i s the gamma-ray energy in kilo electron the binding energy of an atomic shell. The ratios of volts (keV) and A i s the mass number of the nucleus. internal conversion coefficients among the different The energy of nuclear recoil is usually negligible subshells of the L or M shell are often a sensitive except for high-energy transitions in light nuclei. indicator of the transition multipolarity. A special type of electromagnetic transition is the 2-3.2 Internal Conversion Electrons monopole transition, for which the spins of the initial The emission of internal conversion electrons (ce) and final states are both zero. I n this case the competes with gamma-ray emission. In this process emission of a single gamma ray is strictly forbidden. the energy difference between the initial and final Electric monopole (EO) transitions usually occur states in the nucleus is transferred directly to a bound entirely by means of internal conversion or, if atomic electron which is then ejected from the atom. energetically possible, by emission of a positron- The energy of an internal conversion electron emitted electron pair. Emission of two gamma rays is also from atomic shell X, Ece,x, i s given in terms of the possible but is usually negligible. Magnetic monopole corresponding gamma-ray energy E(y) by (MO) transitions are not encountered in this work. In this compilation the theoretical internal con- (2.9) version coefficients for shells K, L1 , , . j , and M1, , , 5 are obtained by spline interpolation from the tables where A t is the electron binding energy in shell X. of Hager and Seltzer' and Band, Trzhaskovskaya, and The emission of K-shell internal conversion elec- Listengarten;' for E5 and M5 transitions, the values trons can occur only if the transition energy i s greater are obtained by polynomial interpolation from the than the K-shell binding energy and similarly for tables of Sliv and Band.' O r ' 'Internal conversion higher electron shells. For a particular transition, the coefficients for shells N + 0 + . . . are obtained by ratio of the probability for emission of a K-shell spline interpolation from the tables of Dragoun, electron to the probability for emission of a gamma ray is called the K-shell internal conversion coeffi- cient. Internal conversion coefficients for the other *The emitted radiation is classified into two multipole types, electric and magnetic. For a spin change of L units, an atomic shells are defined in an analogous manner. electric multipole type E L involves a parity change of (-1 )L, Internal conversion for shells above the K-shell i s and a magnetic multipole type M L has parity change often divided according to the contributions from the For example, E l denotes an electric dipole different subshells; e.g., L-shell internal conversion i s transition between states differing in spin by one unit and calculated separately for the L1-, Lz-, and L3-sub- having opposite parity, M I i s a magnetic dipole transition with L = 1 and no change in parity, and E 2 is an electric shells. quadrupole transition with L = 2 and no change in parity. The internal conversion coefficients for the dif- For increasing L, the transition is said to be of higher ferent atomic shells and subshells depend on the multipolarity. 6 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA TABLES

16 Plainer, and Schmutzler.' For EO transitions, the and L-shell X rays, for which the adopted fluores- conversion electron intensity ratios K/Ll and L1/ L 2 cence yields are obtained from the review of are obtained by graphical interpolation from the Bambynek e t al.' tables of Hager and Seltzer.' A K X ray results from the filling of a K-shell vacancy by an electron from a higher shell. A 2-3.3 Other Radiations transition from shell Y to the K-shell is denoted by K - Y . I n order of increasing intensity, the most Other radiation processes besides emission of a i m p o r t a n t k: X rays are Kal = K - L 3 , single gamma ray or internal conversion electron can K a 2 = K - L z , Kpl = K - M3, Kp2 = K - N3, occur during the de-excitation of a nuclear energy Kp3 = K - Mz , Klp4 = K - Nz , and Kps = K - M4. I n level. I f the transition energy is greater than 2moc2 this compilation the energies and intensities for three (1022 keV), an alternative decay mode is emission of K X-ray groups are given explicitly-the Kal and a positron-electron pair, which is an electromagnetic Kaz lines and the composite KO= C Kpi group. The process taking place in the Coulomb field of the X-ray energies are obtained from Bearden and Burr,' excited nucleus. Since the probability of pair forma- and the intensity ratios Kp/K, and Ka2/Kal are tion is normally 0.003 per emitted gamma ray or obtained from Rao, Chen, and Crasemann." less,3 this process has been neglected in this compila- As previously mentioned, the number of tion. We have also neglected other very unlikely K X rays per decay is n K w K . The number of K-shell processes, such as the emission of two gamma rays or vacancies per decay is the sum of the vacancies one gamma ray and one internal conversion electron. produced by K-shell electron capture and those produced by internal conversion in the K-shell. Thus 2-4 ATOMIC RADIATIONS "K = EK + 1ce.K (2.10) The nuclear decay processes of electron capture and internal conversion always produce a vacancy in where EK is the number of K captures per decay and an inner atomic electron shell. The filling of this ice,^ i s the nurnber of K-shell internal conversion vacancy by an electron from an outer shell t o reduce electrons per decay. the total energy of the atomic electrons results in the As with K-shell X rays, many separate transitions emission of either an X ray or an Auger electron, contribute t o the L X-ray spectrum. However, since which we call the atomic radiations in the radioactive the relative intensities of the different transitions are not known for all atomic numbers and the energy decay process. Vacancies that are created by the differences between the strong transitions are small filling of the initial vacancy will, in turn, produce further X rays or Auger electrons. This cascade of (

17 2-4.2 Auger Electrons 2. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure- ments, A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements The emission of Auger electrons competes with Procedures, Report No. 58. 1978. the emission of X rays as a means of carrying o f f the 3. L. T. Dillman, EDISTR-A Computer Program to energy released by filling an inner-shell vacancy with Obtain a Nuclear Decay Data Base for Radiation Dosime- an electron from an outer shell. A detailed discussion try, USDOE Report ORNL/TM-6689, Oak Ridge Na- tional Laboratory, 1980, NTIS. of the Auger process is given by D i l l ~ n a n . ~ 4. K. Siegbahn (Ed.), Alpha-, Beta; and Gamma-Ray Spec- In the Auger process the filling of an inner-shell troscopy, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, vacancy is accompanied by the simultaneous ejection 1965. of an outer-shell electron from the atom. The 5. L. T. Dillman and T. D. Jones, Internal Dosimetry of resulting atom is thus left with two vacancies. From Spontaneously Fissioning Nuclides, Health Phys., 29: 111 (1975). the definition of the fluorescence yield given in the 6. N. B. Gove and M. J. Martin, Log-f Tables for Beta previous section, the yield of Auger electrons per Decay, Nucl. Data Tables, 10: 205 (19711. decay of the parent for a particular atomic shell is 7. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, Reevaluation of X-Ray n K ( 1 - W K ) , n L ( 1 - wL),etc. Atomic Energy Levels, Rev. Mod. Phys., 39: 125 (1967). 8. R. S. Hager and E. C. Seltzer, Internal Conversion Tables. If the initial vacancy is in the K-shell and if this Part I: K-, L-, M-Shell Conversion Coefficients for 2 = 30 vacancy is filled by an electron from shell X with the to 2 = 103. Nucl. Data, A4: 1 (1968). ejection o f an electron from shell Y , the transition is 9. I. M. Band, M. B. Trzhaskovskaya, and M. A. Listen- denoted by KXY. The energy of the ejected electron garten, Internal Conversion Coefficients for Atomic is EK - Ex - ,E ; where EK and Ex are the K- and Nuclei with 2 < 30, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18: 433 X-shell electron binding energies in the neutral atom, (1976). 10. L. A. Sliv and I. M. Band, Coefficients of Internal respectively, and E ; i s the binding energy of a Y-shell Conversion of Gamma Radiation, Part I, Academy of electron in a n atom containing a vacancy in the Sciences of the USSR Press, Moscow and Leningrad, X-shell. The most intense K Auger transitions are of 1956; Report 57 ICC K1, University of Illinois, Urbana, the type KLL. I n this compilation the K Auger 111.,1957. electrons are treated as a single group having the 11. L. A. Sliv and I. M. Band, Coefficients of Internal Conversion of Gamma Radiation, Part 2 , L-Shell, Acad- energy of the strongest transition ( K L 2L3), because emy of Sciences of the USSR Press, Moscow and the relative intensities of the different electrons in the Leningrad, 1958; Report 58 ICC L1, University of Illi- K L L group are not accurately known for all atomic nois, Urbana, Ill., 1958. numbers and the energy difference between transi- 12. 0. Dragoun, 2. Plajner, and F. Schmutzler, Contribution < tions is small (

18 Preparation of Radioactive Decay Data Sets The tables of radioactive decay data given in Appen- The data set begins with an identification record dix 5 of this handbook were produced by the giving the daughter nucleus (134BA); the data set computer code MEDLIST,' which uses as input name [134CS B- DECAY (2.062 Y ) ] ; key numbers radioactive decay data sets consisting of card images for the literature references as assigned by the written in the format of the Evaluated Nuclear Nuclear Data Project (75HE08, 75VA12, 7 6 G R l l ) ; Structure Data File (ENSDF).' In this chapter a the characters HASRD-DCK, which appear on all data sample data set i s described, and the methods used in sets prepared for this compilation in the Health and this compilation t o prepare data sets in the ENSDF Safety Research Division (HASRD) by myself (DCK), format are discussed. and the month and year when the data set was prepared or last revised (3/78). Following the identification record are comment 3-1 ENSDF FORMATS records denoted by the letter "C" following the daughter nucleus. Comment records are optional in Radioactive decay data in ENSDF are organized ENSDF, but they are always used in this compilation into data sets, each of which summarizes the state of t o give information on the decay branching ratio if experimental knowledge for a distinct decay mode the particular decay mode does not occur 100% of (alpha, beta, or isomeric transition) of a particular the time, on decay branching ratios for other modes radionuclide. Thus, if a given radionuclide has more of decay or cross-referencest o decay data sets for the than one decay mode (e.g., isomeric transition and p- other decay modes, and on daughter radionuclides decay), each of which necessarily leads t o a different produced by the particular decay mode of the parent. daughter nucleus, each decay mode i s described by a ' I n Fig. 3.1 the corriments indicate that 34Csdecays separate data set. Each data set includes an adopted (99.9997 k O.OOOl)% by p- decay and the remaining value for the radionuclide half-life- and the decay * (0.0003 0.0001 )'% by electron capture (EC) decay branching fraction 'for the particular decay mode, (see Appendix 1 for the conventions used for writing adopted values for the energies and intensities of the a number and i t s uncertainty). We emphasize again nuclear radiations (alpha, p-, O+, gamma, and internal that, since decay modes other than p- decay produce conversion electrons) occurring in the decay mode, daughter nuclei different from '34Ba, data for the and an adopted uncertainty for each quantity. A alternate decay modes are not contained in this data decay data set also includes descriptive information ' set. In this case a separate data set for 3 4 C s electron on daughter radionuclides produced in the particular capture decay was not prepared since the branching decay mode and their abundances. ratio is less than the arbitrary cutoff of 0.1% chosen Each decay data set in ENSDF is written in a for this compilation. uniform, standard format. The fofmat is illustrated The normalization record, denoted by "N," gives by means of the data s e t for 134Cs0- decay shown the factors by which the adopted relative gamma-ray in Fig. 3.1. intensities are multiplied t o obtain absolute intensi- 9

19 1349A 134CS 8- D E C A Y 12.062 Y 1 7 5 Y E 0 8 r 1 5 V A 1 2 ~ 1 6 G ~ HASQD-DCK. ll~ 3/78 13494, C PB- OEC4Y=99.9997 1 1348A C Z E r OECAY=0.0003 1 13484, N 1.000003 1 0.999997 1 134CS P 0.0 41 + I 2.062 Y 5 2058.4 4 1348A C 0.0 0, STABLE 13486 C 604.104 14 7 + 134PA B 0.008 4 14.0922 2 B EAV= 534.46 18) 1348b G 604.695 15 97.6 3 E2 0.00599 C 134BA2 G KC=0.005033 1348A L 1167.933 17 2 + i 3 4 e ~R 0.045 15 12.5415 2 B CAV= 299.88 1 6 % 1348A G 563.221 15 R.38 5 HlvEZ 1.5 9 0.00126 1 rr 13484 G 1167.94 3 1.80 3 E2 c 13484. L 1400.531 21 4 + 1348A 9 10.1 5 8.984 4 C 2 8 EAV= 210.11 1 5 3 1348A C 795.845 2 2 85.4 4 52 0.00305 t C 1349A7 G KC=0.00258* 13486 1. 1643.310 2 5 3+ 1349A 9 2.48 5 9.655 9 2 B EAV= 123.40 1 4 3 134Rh C, 242.89 5 0.0210 8 I F M1*E2 0.0880 23 13484 G 475.35 5 1.46 4 EZ+IYII 0.0114 c 1348A G 1038.571 26 1.00 1 HI+FZ -1.8 2 13484, L 1969.851 2 0 4+ i 3 4 e ~ R 27.40 13 6.483 1 2 8 EAV- 73.06 1 1 5 13486. G 326.45 10 0.0144 6 I F Ml*EZ 0.0370 23 13494 G 569.315 15 15.43 11 Y l + E Z -0.29 2 0.00952 3 C 134BAZ G KC=O.00813 3 s 13494 G 801.932 22 8.13 4 Hl*EZ 0.010 4 o.0042~ c 13494 G 1365.15 3 3.04 4 E7 c Fig. 3.1 Data set for 34Cs0- decay written in ENSDF format. ties. Multiplication by the first factor (1.000003 f spin-parity [4(+)jof the parent (the parentheses 0.000001)gives the number of gamma rays per 100 around the "+" denote an uncertain parity assign- 0- decays of the parent. Multiplication of the ment), the adopted half-life (2.062f 0.005 years), r e s u l t i n g intensities by the second factor and the adopted decay Q-value (2058.4f0.4 keV), (0.999997 f O.OOOOOl), which is the decay branching which is the total energy difference between the fraction for the particular decay mode, gives the ground states of the parent and daughter atoms. number of gamma rays per 100 decays of 34Cs.We The remainder of the data set consists of a series note in this case that the product of the two of records giving data on the levels in the daughter normalization factors is unity, which results from the nucleus which are fed in the decay, the direct p- fact that absolute gamma-ray intensities rather than feeding t o these levels, and gamma rays and internal relative values are given with the data set. I t is more conversion electrons from de-excitation of the levels. often the case that the adopted gamma-ray intensities The level records for the daughter nucleus are are arbitrarily normalized t o 100 units for the denoted by "L." They give the level energy (e.g., strongest transition, and therefore the first factor on * 604.704 0.014 keV for the first excited state), the the normalization record i s different from unity. spin-parity (e.g., 2+), and the half-life if known (e.g., Following the normalization record is the parent STABLE for the ground state). record, denoted by "P," which gives the parent Following each level record is the p- record, nucleus (134CS),the excitation energy (0.0). and denoted by "6," for that level, which is included only 10 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA TABLES

20 if the direct 0- feeding to the level i s nonzero. Each the transition multipolarity, the notation "IF p- record consists of two cards. The first card gives M I + E2" denotes a transition assumed to be the number of p- decays feeding the level per 100 M I + E2 for the purpose of estimating the intensity decays of the parent (e.g., 0.008 f 0.004 for the first of internal conversion electrons, and parentheses excited state) and the log-ft value3 (14.09 f 0.22). denote uncertain assignments. The second card of the The blank columns preceding the beta intensity can gamma record gives internal conversion coefficients be used to enter the beta endpoint energy and i t s for the K, L, M, etc., shells. For example, the K-shell uncertainty. In this compilation, however, this field i s internal conversion coefficient (KC) for the decay of normally left blank, and the endpoint energy is the first excited state i s 0.00503. In this compilation calculated automatically when the data set is pro- an internal conversion coefficient i s given on a second cessed by other computer codes from the adopted gamma card only if the resulting conversion electron level energy and Q-value given on the parent record intensity (Le., the conversion coefficient for the and from the adopted level energy in the daughter particular shell multiplied by the number of gamma given on the level record (see Chap. 2, Eq. 2.4). The rays per 100 decays of the parent) i s 0.1 per 100 second card of each beta record gives the average beta decays or more. energy (e.g., 534.46 k 0.18 for the first excited state). Each decay data set written in the ENSDF format For p+ and electron capture decay, the records terminates with a blank card. comparable to the /3- records are denoted by "E" and have the same form as the p- records except that on the first card the p+ and electron capture 3-2 PREPARATION OF DECAY DATA SETS intensities are given separately and the second card of each record also contains the fraction of decay by In this section the methods used in this work to electron capture from the K, L, M, and all higher prepare radioactive decay data sets in the ENSDF shells. For alpha decay, the record denoted by "A" format are described in some detail. All computer consists of a single card giving the energy of the alpha codes used in this process were developed by the particle feeding the level (this datum must be entered Nuclear Data Project. for alpha decay) and the number of alpha particles Preparation of the decay data sets normally per 100 alpha decays of the parent. For isomeric involved the following procedures: transitions, there are no records corresponding to the 1. Evaluation of all available measurements re- B, E, or A records. ported in the literature, selection of adopted values The gamma records, denoted by "G," describe for the measured quantities (the half-life and decay gamma-ray transitions originating from the decay of branching fraction, gamma-ray energies and relative the particular level in the daughter. (If a gamma or an intensities, energies and absolute intensities for /3-, alpha radiation properly belongs in a data set but p+, and alpha particles, relative conversion electron cannot be associated with any particular level, the intensities, and gamma-ray multipole mixing ratios), record i s placed in the data set before the first level and placement of the observed radiations in a decay record.) A gamma record consists of either one or scheme involving energy levels in the daughter nu- two cards. The first card gives the adopted gamma-ray cleus. energy (e.g., 563.227 k 0.015 keV for the first 2. Calculation of internal conversion coefficients gamma ray from the second excited state); the for the gamma-ray transitions. adopted relative gamma-ray intensity (e.g., 97.6 f 0.3); the transition multipolarity, if known 3. Normalization of the decay scheme to obtain (e.g., M I + E2, indicating a mixture of magnetic absolute gamma-ray and conversion electron intensi- dipole and electric quadrupole radiation); the multi- ties. pole mixing ratio, if known (e.g., 7.5f 0.9).for 4. Calculation of adopted level energies in the transitions involving more than one multipole (the daughter and, for beta decays, the intensity of beta square of the mixing ratio in this case gives the ratio transitions feeding each level. of E2 to M I radiation); the total internal conversion 5. For beta decays, calculation of average beta coefficient (e.g., 0.00726 f 0.00001), defined as the energies and log-ft values for each transition. total number of internal conversion electrons per gamma ray for the transition; and symbols (CC) These procedures are described in the following denoting measured gamma-gamma coincidences. For paragraphs. PREPARATION OF RAI>IOACTIVE DECAY DATA SETS 11

21 3-2.1 Data Evaluation and Construction excitation or in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy. Con- of the Decay Scheme sequently, if more than one radionuclide in the present compilation decays t o the same daughter The process of evaluating all data reported in the nucleus, all gamma rays common to the different literature and constructing the decay scheme for a decay schemes have the same adopted energy, multi- given mode of decay of a given radionuclide was pole mixing ratio, and internal conversion coeffi- normally based on an examination of the data cients. presented in the relevant mass-chain compilation published either in the journal Nuclear Data Sheets (for radionuclides with A 2 4 5 ) or in the journal 3-2.2 Calculation of Internal Conversion Nuclear Physics (for A = 3 to 44). Many of the decay Coefficients schemes published in the mass-chain compilations had Following construction of the decay scheme, already been prepared by other compilers in the ENSDF format. For a few radionuclides, we began by internal conversion coefficients for the gamma-ray examining the data sets in ENSDF format previously transitions in the daughter nucleus were calculated by prepared by M. J. Martin of the Nuclear Data using the computer code HSICC (Ref. 2). For transi- P r ~ j e c t . ~Next, we examined all relevant papers tions with multipolarity L 2 3, the adopted internal published in the open literature since the cutoff date conversion coefficients were taken to be 3% less than the values calculated by the code to provide better for papers included in the mass-chain compilation or overall agreement between theory and experiment.' in the existing data set in ENSDF format. The additional literature search was greatly facilitated by For some transitions, the adopted multipolarity use of the issues of Nuclear Data Sheets called and multipole mixing ratio were determined directly "Recent References." from such measurements as the ratio of conversion All decay schemes adopted for use in this electron to gamma-ray intensities, ratios of conver- compilation are based on my evaluation of all data sion electron intensities for different atomic shells or reported in the mass-chain compilations and "Recent subshells, or angular correlations of two cascading References" through April 1979. I f the date given gamma rays. For other transitions, the multipolarity with a data set precedes April 1979 (e.g., 3/78on the was inferred from the known spin-parity change first card in Fig. 3.1),this indicates that no new data between the initial and final states. For example, any were reported between the two dates. No previously transition involving a state with spin-parity O+ has a proposed decay schemes were adopted for this multipolarity uniquely determined by the spin-parity compilation without further examination of all the of the other state. A transition involving a spin-parity data. For a few radionuclides, this reexamination change AJn= 1- was assumed to be E l in the produ'ced significant changes in the decay scheme absence of other data because possible M2 admixtures adopted for this compilation. Some of these cases are are usually small. For spin changes AJ 22, we described in Chap. 7. assumed that the transition proceeds by the lowest In this work the adopted values for the gamma- possible multipole order. Appreciable multipole mix- ray energies and multipole mixing ratios for a given ing often occurs whenever both M I and E2 transi- decay data set were based on the most accurate tions are allowed. I f no experimental data were measurements from any experiment and were not available but the spin-parity change was known to be necessarily measured in the particular radioactive AJ" = O+ or I + , we normally assumed internal con- decay of concern. For example, the adopted gamma- version coefficients equal to the average of the MI ray energies in the beta decay of an isomeric state of and E2 values with an uncertainty equal to half the a nucleus would be taken from measurements on the difference. Exceptions occurred, however, for some beta decay of the ground state of the same nucleus if low-energy transitions in heavy nuclei if the E2 more-accurate values were obtained in the latter internal conversion coefficients resulted in an un- experiment. Similarly, adopted gamma-ray energies reasonably large total transition intensity (gamma for a 0- decay data set could be obtained from rays plus conversion electrons), in which case the measurements following 0+ or electron capture decay transition was assumed to be pure M I . leading to the same daughter nucleus and vice versa. I f no data were available t o determine the Some of the adopted multipole mixing ratios were transition multipolarity or if the transition did not obtained from diverse experiments, such as Coulomb involve a known spin-parity change, no assumption 12 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA TABLES

22 was made in this compilation concerning the transi- accurately measured or can be assumed to be zero tion multipolarity, and internal conversion was from the large spin change involved in the transition. assumed t o be zero. The system used in ENSDF, by which relative An adopted value for the total internal conversion gamma-ray intensities are entered on the gamma coefficient, denoted by (YT, i s entered on the first records and all normalization factors for obtaining card of the gamma record only if the relative absolute intensities are entered on a single normaliza- transition intensity, I,(l +aT), where ,I i s the tion record, has considerable advantages compared relative gamma-ray intensity, differs from ,I by a t with entering absolute gamma-ray intensities directly least one digit in the last significant figure. Internal on each gamma record. Suppose, for example, that conversion coefficients for the different atomic shells the normalization for a decay scheme is determined are entered on the second card of the gamma record by a measurement of the number of gamma rays per only if the resulting conversion electron intensity is a t /3- decay for the strongest gamma-ray transition. If a least 0.1 per 100 decays of the parent. Internal new measurement changes the adopted value of this conversion coefficients for as many as four shells can quantity, only a single entry has t o be changed on the be entered-K, L, M, and N+, where N + includes normalization record in the ENSDF format t o obtain internal conversion for the N and higher shells. An the new values of the absolute gamma-ray intensities, entry for M+-shell internal conversion (M and higher whereas the gamma-ray intensity on every gamma shells as a single group) i s made whenever the M-shell record would have to be changed if the normalization internal conversion electron intensity, ice,^, i s a t record were not used. least 0.1 per 100 decays but ice,^+ i s less than this amount or whenever ice,^ and ice,^+ are both 3-2.4 Calculation of level Energies less than 0.1 per 100 decays but their sum exceeds and Beta Decay Intensities this amount. For each decay scheme, the adopted energies of the levels in the daughter nucleus were calculated by 3-2.3 Normalization of Decay Schemes using the computer code GTOL,2 which performs a Normalization of a decay scheme i s the process of least-squares adjustment of the energies of all gamma obtaining the constants entered on the normalization rays placed in the decay scheme. The calculations also record which determine the number of gamma rays take into account the recoil energy of the nucleus and conversion electrons per 100 decays of the parent accompanying each transition. from the adopted relative gamma-ray intensities and For beta decay schemes, measured intensities of internal conversion coefficients. One normalization /3- or /3+ transitions feeding individual levels were constant determines the number of gamma rays and adopted only if they were used t o determine the conversion electrons per 100 decays via the particular normalization constants for the decay scheme. In decay mode for the data set, and the second general, it i s very difficult t o directly measure t h e normalization constant i s the decay branching frac- intensity of each individual 0- or /3+ transition in a tion for the particular decay mode. decay scheme containing more than one or two Depending on the data available, the normaliza- transitions, and intensities of electron capture transi- tion constants for a decay scheme were determined tions cannot be directly measured. Therefore the beta by one or more methods. For a decay mode with a feedings to most levels in the daughter were calcu- branching fraction of unity, for example, one com- lated by the code GTOL as the difference between mon method for normalizing the decay scheme i s t o the number of gamma rays plus internal conversion use measurements, where available, of the number of electrons from decay of the level and the number of gamma rays emitted per /3- or /3+ particle for a strong these radiations feeding the level from the de- gamma-ray transition. Another method i s to use the excitation of higher excited states, with the intensi- requirement that the total intensity of the direct beta t i e s properly normalized to give transitions per 100 decay to the ground state plus all gamma rays and decays of the parent. For alpha decay schemes, internal conversion electrons feeding the ground state measured alpha intensities were normally adopted for must be 100 per 100 decays of the parent (i.e., all each level, but the calculations with the code GTOL decays of the parent eventually populate the ground were used to check that the measured alpha intensi- state). This method is especially useful whenever the ties agreed with those inferred from the gamma-ray direct beta feeding t o the ground state has been plus conversion electron intensity balances. PREPARATION OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA SETS 13

23 3-2.5 Calculation of Average Energies REF E RE NCES and Log-ft Values for BetaDecay For beta decay schemes, the average p- or p+ 1. M. J. Martin (Ed.), Nuclear Decay Data for Selected Radionuclides, ERDA Report ORNL-5114, Oak Ridge energy for a transition feeding a given level, the ratio National Laboratory, 1976, NTIS. of electron capture to p+ intensity and the relative 2. W. B. Ewbank and M. R. Schmorak, Evaluated Nuclear intensities for K-, L-, and M-shell electron capture, Structure Data File-A Manual for Preparation o f Data and the log-ft value were calculated by using the Sets, ERDA Report ORNL-5054/Rl, Oak Ridge National computer code LOGFT.3 All transitions were Laboratory, 1978, NTIS. assumed to be allowed except for known first- 3. N. B. Gove and M. J. Martin, Log-f Tables for Beta Decay, forbidden unique or second-forbidden unique transi- Nucl. Data Tables, 10: 205 (1971). tions. The endpoint energy for each 0- or p+ 4. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure- transition and the total energy released in an electron ments, A Handbook o f Radioactivity Measurements Pro- capture transition were obtained from the level cedures, Report No. 58, 1978. energy of the parent state and the decay Q-value 5. S. Raman, T. A. Walkiewicz, R. Gunnick, and B. Martin, How Good Are the Theoretical Internal Conversion Co- contained on the parent record and the excitation efficients?Phys. Rev., C7: 2531 (1973). energy of the particular level in the daughter given on 6. A. H. Wapstra and K. Bos, The 1977 Atomic Mass Evalua- the level record. For most decay schemes, the tion,At DataNucl. Data Tables, 19: 177 (1977). adopted Q-value was obtained from the recent atomic mass adjustment of Wapstra and B o s . ~ 14 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA TABLES

24 ~ Cornpu t e r Code MEDLIST and Description of Tables of Radioactive Decay Data The radioactive decay data tables given in Appendix 5 intensity limit is 0.1 per 100 decays, as indicated by of this handbook were generated by processing the the heading "l(min) = 0.10%'' printed with the tables. decay data sets in ENSDF format with the computer Immediately following the listings for alpha, beta, code MEDLIST.' The MEDLIST code also uses and gamma radiations, the code prints a comment computer files of the relevant 2-dependent constants giving the number of radiations omitted from the l i s t (X-ray energies, WK, "KL, etc.) described in Chap. 2, because of the low-intensity limit (provided that the Sec. 2-4. For each data set, the code calculates the total intensity of all omitted radiations of the energies and intensities of the atomic radiations particular type exceeds 0.01 per 100 decays), the ( X rays and Auger electrons). The code then com- average of the energies of the omitted radiations bines the atomic radiations with the nuclear radia- weighted by the respective intensities, and their total tions contained in the data set in ENSDF format, intensity. For 134Cs 0- decay, for example, two sorts them according to radiation type (internal weak 0- groups are omitted with weighted average conversion and Auger electrons, alpha particles, 0- or energy of 335.3 keV and total intensity of 0.05 per /3+ particles, and gamma rays and X rays), and, within 100 decays. For /3+ decays, the code prints a each type, arranges and numerically labels them in comment following the gamma-ray l i s t giving the order of increasing energy. maximum possible intensity of the annihilation ra- Uncertainties in all experimental quantities, in- diation, which is calculated as twice the total inten- cluding the Z-dependent constants, are propagated sity of all emitted positrons. consistently throughout the calculations. An uncer- It should be noted that a somewhat different tainty of 3% i s assigned to a l l theoretical internal convention is used in numerically labeling the alpha conversion coefficients and is combined with the and beta radiations in the data tables compared with experimental uncertainties. the labeling of gamma and conversion electron Figure 4.1 shows the data table for 1 3 4 C s 0- radiations. For alpha and beta radiations, only those decay obtained from the data set in ENSDF format transitions with intensity greater than 0.1 per 100 shown in Fig. 3.1 and discussed i n Chap. 3, Sec. 3-1. decays are given a numerical label in order of The symbols used in the dafa tables and their increasing-energy. Thus, for example, one or more definitions are listed in Appendix 1. weak omitted 0- radiations could occur with energies For each decay data set, the table contains data betwden those for the transitions labeled "0- 1" and on the atomic and nuclear radiations of the following "0.- 2" and similarly for alpha radiations. For gamma types: Auger electrons (shells K and L); X rays (K,1, rays and their corresponding internal conversion K,z, Kp, and L); 0- particles; ' 0 particles; alpha (a) electrons, however, the numerical labels are applied particles; gamma rays (7); and internal conversion to a l l radiations contained in the data set in ENSDF electrons (ce) (shells K, L, M, and N+). format. These labels are maintained throughout the The data tables l i s t all radiations with intensity ~ MEDLIST calculations and are carried into the greater than the variable low-intensity limit built into output. Therefore, when gamma rays are omitted the MEDLIST code. In this compilation the low- from the data table because of their low intensity, the 15

25 Radiation Energy intensity A(g-radl Type (keV) (%I pCi-h) 0 ' 34Cs p- Decay (2.062y 5) I (min) = 0.10% %fi- Decay = 99.9997 1 %EC Decay = 0.0003 1 Auqer-L 3.67 0.66 5 a0 ce-K- 5 531.874 15 0.125 1 0.0014 ce-K- 6 567.258 15 0.491 15 0.0059 ce-K- 7 758.404 22 0.220 7 0.0036 0- 1 max 88.5 4 a v 23.06 11 27.40 13 0.0135 8- 2 max 415.1 4 av 123.40 14 2.48 5 0.0065 p- 3 max 657.9 4 avg 210.11 15 70.1 5 0.314 t o t a l e- avq 156.8 3 100.0 6 0.334 2 weak 13's o m i t t e d : EB(avg)= 335.3: ZTB= 0 . 0 5 % X-ray Kaz 31.8171 3 0.214 8 0.0001 X-ray Kat 32.1936 3 0.396 15 0.0003 X-ray K8 36.4 0,144 6 0.0001 7 3 475.35 5 1.46 4 0.0148 7 4 563.227 15 8.38 5 0.101 7 5 569.315 15 15.43 1 1 0.187 I 6 604.699 15 97.6 3 1.26 7 7 795.845 22 85.4 4 1.45 7 8 801.932 22 8.73 4 0.149 1 9 038.57 3 1.oco 10 0.0221 I 10 167.94 3 1.80 3 0.0448 I 11 365. 15 3 3.04 4 0.0884 2 weak 7's omitted: Ei(avg)= 276.9: ZIT= 0.04% Fig. 4.1 Table of energies and intensities of atomic and nuclear radiations from I Cs p- decay produced by the computer code MEDLIST from the data set in ENSDF format. remaining radiations that are listed separately are not In each data table the radiations are listed in the relabeled. In Fig. 4.1, for example, the l i s t of gamma first column by type. Particle radiations (Auger, ce, rays begins with y 3, which indicates that the two alpha, and beta) are listed first, followed by the weak gammas omitted are 7 1 and 7 2. The labeling electromagnetic radiations ( X ray and gamma). When- of all gammas, whether or not they are listed ever more than one beta group occurs, the table separately in the tables, i s maintained because an contains a separate entry a t the end of the beta internal conversion electron line associated with an listing, labeled "total P,'' which gives the average omitted gamma ray appears in the l i s t if i t s intensity energy and total intensity for the composite spec- exceeds the low intensity cutoff. Suppose, for ex- trum. This entry includes the contributions from the ample, that the gamma listing contains the sequence groups omitted from the l i s t because of the low- 1, 7 2, 7 4,.. . , which indicates that 7 3, with intensity limit. For p- decay, the total beta intensity energy between those of 7 2 and y 4, has been should, in principle, be precisely equal t o the decay omitted because of i t s low intensity. The conversion branching ratio for the parent radionuclide [e.g., electron l i s t would nonetheless contain an entry (99.9997*0.0001)% for 134Cs and 100% for 0- labeled ce-K-3 if the intensity for the K-shell internal emitters having no alternate mode of decay]. As conversion electron associated with 7 3 exceeds the indicated in Chap. 3, Sec. 3-2.4, however, the intensi- low-intensity limit. ties of the individual 0- groups are usually deter- 16 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DATA TABLES

26 mined indirectly from the gamma and ce intensity no comments are given, the parent decays 100% by balances for the different levels in the daughter, and the given decay mode to a stable daughter. therefore the total 0- intensity does not normally We first consider the comments for the case of a equal the expected amount. This i s particularly the single decay mode for the parent leading to one or case if there are levels in the daughter for which the more radioactive daughters. The radionuclide '' Kr, gamma + ce intensity feeding

27 I n addition to the data tables given i n Appendix 5, Cross Section Center a t Brookhaven National Lab- the MEDLIST code produces output i n a decimal, oratory.' The formats for the output produced by computer-readable format suitable f o r use as input to the MEDLIST code are available from the Nuclear further calculations. This chapter briefly describes Data Project upon request. some of the applications of the decay data in The MEDLIST decimal output is generally more computer-readable format to the radiation dosimetry extensive than required i n applications t o radiation and radiological assessment activities of the Health dosimetry. Therefore the computer code CONVER2 and Safety Research Division a t Oak Ridge National was written to prepare output of energies and Laboratory. intensities by radiation type in a simple format The formats for the card images of the decimal suitable for input to further calculations. The output output from the MEDLIST code are a close approxi- from the CONVER code for 134Cs 0- decay i s mation t o the formats proposed for radioactive decay shown in Fig. 5.1. The first card gives the radio- data i n the ENDF/B-V file by the National Neutron nuclide name, half-life, and atomic number. The CS-134 2.062 Y 55. U 4 8.F543E-02 2.3060E-02 2.7400E-01 4.1509E-01 1.2340E-01 2.4800E-02 6.5786E-01 2.1011E-01 7.0100E-01 9.7550E-01 3.3529E-01 5.3000E-04 0 5 3.6700E-03 6.5531E-03 2.6400E-02 8.2834E-04 5.3187E-01 1.2545E-03 5.6726E-0 1 4 . 9 0 9 3 E-0 3 7.5840E-0 1 2 2033E-0? 14 4.4700E-03 8.9360E-04 3.1817E-02 2.1438E-03 3.2194E-02 3.9554E-03 3 C 4 0 OE-02 1 4 394E-0 3 4 7 53 5E-0 1 1 4 6 00E-02 5 6 3 23 E - 0 1 8 . 3 8 0 OE-0 2 5.6932E-01 1.543OF-01 C..O1*70E-Ol [email protected]@1 7.9584E-01 8.5400E-01 8.01?3-01 8.7300E-02 1 . 0 3 8 6 6 00 I - O O O O E - 0 2 1.!679 00 1.8000E-02 1 . 3 6 5 2 E 00 3 . 0 4 0 0 E - 0 2 2.7688E-01 3.5400E-04 ' Fig. 5.1 Table of energies and intensities of radiations from 3 4 Cs 0- decay in card-image form produced by the computer code CONVER from the computer-readable output from the MEDLIST code. 18

28