Birthday Bios 4.2.0 serial key or number

Born	(1934-11-09)November 9, 1934
Died	December 20, 1996(1996-12-20) (aged 62)
Resting place	Lake View Cemetery (Ithaca, New York)
Nationality	American
Alma mater	University of Chicago (BA, BS, MS, PhD)
Known for
Spouse(s)	(m. 1957; div. 1965)​ (m. 1968; div. 1981)​ (m. 1981)​
Children	5, including Sasha, Dorion and Nick
Awards	Klumpke-Roberts Award (1974) NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal (1977) Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (1978) Oersted Medal (1990) Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science (1993) National Academy of SciencesPublic Welfare Medal (1994)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Thesis	Physical studies of planets (1960)
Doctoral advisor	Gerard Kuiper[1]
Doctoral students
Signature

Carl Edward Sagan (/ˈseɪɡən/; November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, and science communicator. His best known scientific contribution is research on extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by radiation. Sagan assembled the first physical messages sent into space: the Pioneer plaque and the Voyager Golden Record, universal messages that could potentially be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence that might find them. Sagan argued the now-accepted hypothesis that the high surface temperatures of Venus can be attributed to and calculated using the greenhouse effect.^[2]

Initially an associate professor at Harvard and later at Cornell, from 1976 to his death, he was the David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences at the latter. Sagan published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and was author, co-author or editor of more than 20 books.^[3] He wrote many popular science books, such as The Dragons of Eden, Broca's Brain and Pale Blue Dot, and narrated and co-wrote the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. The most widely watched series in the history of American public television, Cosmos has been seen by at least 500 million people across 60 different countries.^[4] The book Cosmos was published to accompany the series. He also wrote the science fiction novel Contact, the basis for a 1997 film of the same name. His papers, containing 595,000 items,^[5] are archived at The Library of Congress.^[6]

Sagan advocated scientific skeptical inquiry and the scientific method, pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI). He spent most of his career as a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, where he directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies. Sagan and his works received numerous awards and honors, including the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the National Academy of SciencesPublic Welfare Medal, the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his book The Dragons of Eden, and, regarding Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, two Emmy Awards, the Peabody Award, and the Hugo Award. He married three times and had five children. After suffering from myelodysplasia, Sagan died of pneumonia at the age of 62, on December 20, 1996.^[7]

Early life and education[edit]

Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York.^[8] His father, Samuel Sagan, was an immigrant garment worker from Kamianets-Podilskyi, then in the Russian Empire,^[9] in today's Ukraine. His mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a housewife from New York. Carl was named in honor of Rachel's biological mother, Chaiya Clara, in Sagan's words, "the mother she never knew".^[10]

He had a sister, Carol, and the family lived in a modest apartment near the Atlantic Ocean, in Bensonhurst, a Brooklyn neighborhood. According to Sagan, they were Reform Jews, the most liberal of North American Judaism's four main groups. Carl and his sister agreed that their father was not especially religious, but that their mother "definitely believed in God, and was active in the temple; ... and served only kosher meat".^[10]:12 During the depths of the Depression, his father worked as a theater usher.

According to biographer Keay Davidson, Sagan's "inner war" was a result of his close relationship with both of his parents, who were in many ways "opposites". Sagan traced his later analytical urges to his mother, a woman who had been extremely poor as a child in New York City during World War I and the 1920s.^[10]:2 As a young woman, she had held her own intellectual ambitions, but they were frustrated by social restrictions: her poverty, her status as a woman and a wife, and her Jewish ethnicity. Davidson notes that she therefore "worshipped her only son, Carl. He would fulfill her unfulfilled dreams."^[10]:2

However, he claimed that his sense of wonder came from his father, who in his free time gave apples to the poor or helped soothe labor-management tensions within New York's garment industry.^[10]:2 Although he was awed by Carl's intellectual abilities, he took his son's inquisitiveness in stride and saw it as part of his growing up.^[10]:2 In his later years as a writer and scientist, Sagan would often draw on his childhood memories to illustrate scientific points, as he did in his book Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors.^[10]:9 Sagan describes his parents' influence on his later thinking:^[11]

My parents were not scientists. They knew almost nothing about science. But in introducing me simultaneously to skepticism and to wonder, they taught me the two uneasily cohabiting modes of thought that are central to the scientific method.

Sagan recalls that one of his most defining moments was when his parents took him to the 1939 New York World's Fair when he was four years old. The exhibits became a turning point in his life. He later recalled the moving map of the America of Tomorrow exhibit: "It showed beautiful highways and cloverleaves and little General Motors cars all carrying people to skyscrapers, buildings with lovely spires, flying buttresses—and it looked great!"^[10]:14 At other exhibits, he remembered how a flashlight that shone on a photoelectric cell created a crackling sound, and how the sound from a tuning fork became a wave on an oscilloscope. He also witnessed the future media technology that would replace radio: television. Sagan wrote:^[10]:14

Plainly, the world held wonders of a kind I had never guessed. How could a tone become a picture and light become a noise?

He also saw one of the Fair's most publicized events, the burial of a time capsule at Flushing Meadows, which contained mementos of the 1930s to be recovered by Earth's descendants in a future millennium. "The time capsule thrilled Carl", writes Davidson. As an adult, Sagan and his colleagues would create similar time capsules—capsules that would be sent out into the galaxy; these were the Pioneer plaque and the Voyager Golden Record précis, all of which were spinoffs of Sagan's memories of the World's Fair.^[10]:15

During World War II Sagan's family worried about the fate of their European relatives. Sagan, however, was generally unaware of the details of the ongoing war. He wrote, "Sure, we had relatives who were caught up in the Holocaust. Hitler was not a popular fellow in our household... But on the other hand, I was fairly insulated from the horrors of the war." His sister, Carol, said that their mother "above all wanted to protect Carl... She had an extraordinarily difficult time dealing with World War II and the Holocaust."^[10]:15 Sagan's book The Demon-Haunted World (1996) included his memories of this conflicted period, when his family dealt with the realities of the war in Europe but tried to prevent it from undermining his optimistic spirit.^[11]

Inquisitiveness about nature[edit]

Soon after entering elementary school he began to express a strong inquisitiveness about nature. Sagan recalled taking his first trips to the public library alone, at the age of five, when his mother got him a library card. He wanted to learn what stars were, since none of his friends or their parents could give him a clear answer:^[10]:18

I went to the librarian and asked for a book about stars; ... And the answer was stunning. It was that the Sun was a star but really close. The stars were suns, but so far away they were just little points of light ... The scale of the universe suddenly opened up to me. It was a kind of religious experience. There was a magnificence to it, a grandeur, a scale which has never left me. Never ever left me.

At about age six or seven, he and a close friend took trips to the American Museum of Natural History across the East River in Manhattan. While there, they went to the Hayden Planetarium and walked around the museum's exhibits of space objects, such as meteorites, and displays of dinosaurs and animals in natural settings. Sagan writes about those visits:^[10]:18

I was transfixed by the dioramas—lifelike representations of animals and their habitats all over the world. Penguins on the dimly lit Antarctic ice; ... a family of gorillas, the male beating his chest, ... an American grizzly bear standing on his hind legs, ten or twelve feet tall, and staring me right in the eye.

His parents helped nurture his growing interest in science by buying him chemistry sets and reading materials. His interest in space, however, was his primary focus, especially after reading science fiction stories by writers such as H. G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs, which stirred his imagination about life on other planets such as Mars. According to biographer Ray Spangenburg, these early years as Sagan tried to understand the mysteries of the planets became a "driving force in his life, a continual spark to his intellect, and a quest that would never be forgotten".^[11]

In 1947 he discovered Astounding Science Fiction magazine, which introduced him to more hard science fiction speculations than those in Burroughs's novels.^[12] That same year inaugurated the "flying saucer" mass hysteria with the young Carl suspecting that the "discs" might be alien spaceships.^[13]

High-school years[edit]

Sagan had lived in Bensonhurst, where he went to David A. Boody Junior High School. He had his bar mitzvah in Bensonhurst when he turned 13.^[10]:23 The following year, 1948, his family moved to the nearby town of Rahway, New Jersey, for his father's work, where Sagan then entered Rahway High School. He graduated in 1951.^[10]:23 Rahway was an older industrial town, and the Sagans were among its few Jewish families.^[10]:23

Sagan was a straight-A student but was bored due to unchallenging classes and uninspiring teachers.^[10]:23 His teachers realized this and tried to convince his parents to send him to a private school, the administrator telling them, "This kid ought to go to a school for gifted children, he has something really remarkable."^[10]:24 However, his parents could not afford it.

Sagan was made president of the school's chemistry club, and at home he set up his own laboratory. He taught himself about molecules by making cardboard cutouts to help him visualize how molecules were formed: "I found that about as interesting as doing [chemical] experiments", he said.^[10]:24 Sagan remained mostly interested in astronomy as a hobby, and in his junior year made it a career goal after he learned that astronomers were paid for doing what he always enjoyed: "That was a splendid day—when I began to suspect that if I tried hard I could do astronomy full-time, not just part-time."^[10]:25

Before the end of high school, he entered an essay contest in which he posed the question of whether human contact with advanced life forms from another planet might be as disastrous for people on Earth as it was for Native Americans when they first had contact with Europeans.^[14] The subject was considered controversial, but his rhetorical skill won over the judges, and they awarded him first prize.^[14] By graduation, his classmates had voted him "most likely to succeed" and put him in line to be valedictorian.^[14]

University education[edit]

Sagan attended the University of Chicago, which was one of the few colleges he applied to that would, despite his excellent high-school grades, consider admitting a 16-year-old. Its chancellor, Robert Maynard Hutchins, had recently retooled the undergraduate College of the University of Chicago into an "ideal meritocracy" built on Great Books, Socratic dialogue, comprehensive examinations and early entrance to college with no age requirement.^[15] The school also employed a number of the nation's leading scientists, including Enrico Fermi and Edward Teller, along with operating the famous Yerkes Observatory.^[15]

During his time as an honors program undergraduate, Sagan worked in the laboratory of the geneticistH. J. Muller and wrote a thesis on the origins of life with physical chemistHarold Urey. Sagan joined the Ryerson Astronomical Society,^[16] received a B.A. degree in laughingly self-proclaimed "nothing"^[17] with general and special honors in 1954, and a B.S. degree in physics in 1955. He went on to earn a M.S. degree in physics in 1956, before earning a Ph.D. degree in 1960 with his thesis Physical Studies of Planets submitted to the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics.^{[18][19][20][21]}

He used the summer months of his graduate studies to work with his dissertation director, planetary scientistGerard Kuiper,^[1] as well as physicist George Gamow and chemist Melvin Calvin. The title of Sagan's dissertation reflects his shared interests with Kuiper, who throughout the 1950s had been president of the International Astronomical Union's commission on "Physical Studies of Planets and Satellites".^[22] In 1958, the two worked on the classified^{[clarification needed]} military Project A119, the secret Air Force plan to detonate a nuclear warhead on the Moon.^[23]

Sagan had a Top Secret clearance at the U.S. Air Force and a Secret clearance with NASA.^[24] While working on his doctoral dissertation, Sagan revealed US Government classified^{[clarification needed]} titles of two Project A119 papers when he applied for a University of California, Berkeley scholarship in 1959. The leak was not publicly revealed until 1999, when it was published in the journal Nature. A follow-up letter to the journal by project leader Leonard Reiffel confirmed Sagan's security leak.^[25]

Career and research[edit]

From 1960 to 1962 Sagan was a Miller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley.^[26] Meanwhile, he published an article in 1961 in the journal Science on the atmosphere of Venus, while also working with NASA's Mariner 2 team, and served as a "Planetary Sciences Consultant" to the RAND Corporation.^[27]

After the publication of Sagan's Science article, in 1961 Harvard University astronomers Fred Whipple and Donald Menzel offered Sagan the opportunity to give a colloquium at Harvard and subsequently offered him a lecturer position at the institution. Sagan instead asked to be made an assistant professor, and eventually Whipple and Menzel were able to convince Harvard to offer Sagan the assistant professor position he requested.^[27] Sagan lectured, performed research, and advised graduate students at the institution from 1963 until 1968, as well as working at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, also located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In 1968, Sagan was denied tenure at Harvard. He later indicated that the decision was very much unexpected.^[28] The tenure denial has been blamed on several factors, including that he focused his interests too broadly across a number of areas (while the norm in academia is to become a renowned expert in a narrow specialty), and perhaps because of his well-publicized scientific advocacy, which some scientists perceived as borrowing the ideas of others for little more than self-promotion.^[24] An advisor from his years as an undergraduate student, Harold Urey, wrote a letter to the tenure committee recommending strongly against tenure for Sagan.^[13]

Long before the ill-fated tenure process, Cornell University astronomer Thomas Gold had courted Sagan to move to Ithaca, New York, and join the faculty at Cornell. Following the denial of tenure from Harvard, Sagan accepted Gold's offer and remained a faculty member at Cornell for nearly 30 years until his death in 1996. Unlike Harvard, the smaller and more laid-back astronomy department at Cornell welcomed Sagan's growing celebrity status.^[30] Following two years as an associate professor, Sagan became a full professor at Cornell in 1970 and directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies there. From 1972 to 1981, he was associate director of the Center for Radiophysics and Space Research (CRSR) at Cornell. In 1976, he became the David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences, a position he held for the remainder of his life.^[31]

Sagan was associated with the U.S. space program from its inception. From the 1950s onward, he worked as an advisor to NASA, where one of his duties included briefing the Apolloastronauts before their flights to the Moon. Sagan contributed to many of the robotic spacecraft missions that explored the Solar System, arranging experiments on many of the expeditions. Sagan assembled the first physical message that was sent into space: a gold-platedplaque, attached to the space probe Pioneer 10, launched in 1972. Pioneer 11, also carrying another copy of the plaque, was launched the following year. He continued to refine his designs; the most elaborate message he helped to develop and assemble was the Voyager Golden Record, which was sent out with the Voyager space probes in 1977. Sagan often challenged the decisions to fund the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station at the expense of further robotic missions.^[32]

Scientific achievements[edit]

Former student David Morrison described Sagan as "an 'idea person' and a master of intuitive physical arguments and 'back of the envelope' calculations",^[24] and Gerard Kuiper said that "Some persons work best in specializing on a major program in the laboratory; others are best in liaison between sciences. Dr. Sagan belongs in the latter group."^[24]

Sagan's contributions were central to the discovery of the high surface temperatures of the planet Venus.^[2][33] In the early 1960s no one knew for certain the basic conditions of Venus' surface, and Sagan listed the possibilities in a report later depicted for popularization in a Time Life book Planets. His own view was that Venus was dry and very hot as opposed to the balmy paradise others had imagined. He had investigated radio waves from Venus and concluded that there was a surface temperature of 500 °C (900 °F). As a visiting scientist to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he contributed to the first Mariner missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. Mariner 2 confirmed his conclusions on the surface conditions of Venus in 1962.

Sagan was among^{[clarification needed]} the first to hypothesize that Saturn's moon Titan might possess oceans of liquid compounds on its surface and that Jupiter's moon Europa might possess subsurface oceans of water. This would make Europa potentially habitable.^[34] Europa's subsurface ocean of water was later indirectly confirmed by the spacecraft Galileo. The mystery of Titan's reddish haze was also solved with Sagan's help. The reddish haze was revealed to be due to complex organic molecules constantly raining down onto Titan's surface.^[35]

Sagan further contributed insights regarding the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter, as well as seasonal changes on Mars. He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.^[36] Sagan and his Cornell colleague Edwin Ernest Salpeter speculated about life in Jupiter's clouds, given the planet's dense atmospheric composition rich in organic molecules. He studied the observed color variations on Mars' surface and concluded that they were not seasonal or vegetational changes as most believed,^{[clarification needed]} but shifts in surface dust caused by windstorms.

Sagan is also known for his research on the possibilities of extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by radiation.^[37][38]

He is also the 1994 recipient of the Public Welfare Medal, the highest award of the National Academy of Sciences for "distinguished contributions in the application of science to the public welfare".^[39] He was denied membership in the Academy, reportedly because his media activities made him unpopular with many other scientists.^[40][41][42]

As of 2017^[update], Sagan is the most cited SETI scientist and one of the most cited planetary scientists.^[3]

Cosmos: popularizing science on TV[edit]

In 1980 Sagan co-wrote and narrated the award-winning 13-part PBS television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which became the most widely watched series in the history of American public television. The show has been seen by at least 500 million people across 60 different countries.^[4][43][44] The book, Cosmos, written by Sagan, was published to accompany the series.^[45]

Because of his earlier popularity as a science writer from his best-selling books, including The Dragons of Eden, which won him a Pulitzer Prize in 1977, he was asked to write and narrate the show. It was targeted to a general audience of viewers, whom Sagan felt had lost interest in science, partly due to a stifled educational system.^[46]

Each of the 13 episodes was created to focus on a particular subject or person, thereby demonstrating the synergy of the universe.^[46] They covered a wide range of scientific subjects including the origin of life and a perspective of humans' place on Earth.

The show won an Emmy,^[47] along with a Peabody Award, and transformed Sagan from an obscure astronomer into a pop-culture icon.^[48]Time magazine ran a cover story about Sagan soon after the show broadcast, referring to him as "creator, chief writer and host-narrator of the show".^[49] In 2000, "Cosmos" was released on a remastered set of DVDs.

"Billions and billions"[edit]

Sagan with a model of the Viking lander that would land on Mars. Sagan examined possible landing sites for Viking along with Mike Carr and Hal Masursky.

Sagan was invited to frequent appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.^[50] After Cosmos aired, he became associated with the catchphrase "billions and billions", although he never actually used the phrase in the Cosmos series.^[51] He rather used the term "billions upon billions".^[52] Carson, however, would sometimes use the phrase during his parodies of Sagan.^[53][a]

As a humorous tribute to Sagan and his association with the catchphrase "billions and billions", a sagan has been defined as a unit of measurement equivalent to a very large number – technically at least four billion (two billion plus two billion) – of anything.^[55][56][57]

Scientific and critical thinking advocacy[edit]

Sagan's ability to convey his ideas allowed many people to understand the cosmos better—simultaneously emphasizing the value and worthiness of the human race, and the relative insignificance of the Earth in comparison to the Universe. He delivered the 1977 series of Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in London.^[58]

Sagan was a proponent of the search for extraterrestrial life. He urged the scientific community to listen with radio telescopes for signals from potential intelligent extraterrestrial life-forms. Sagan was so persuasive that by 1982 he was able to get a petition advocating SETI published in the journal Science, signed by 70 scientists, including seven Nobel Prize winners. This signaled a tremendous increase in the respectability of a then-controversial field. Sagan also helped Frank Drake write the Arecibo message, a radio message beamed into space from the Arecibo radio telescope on November 16, 1974, aimed at informing potential extraterrestrials about Earth.

Sagan was chief technology officer of the professional planetary research journal Icarus for 12 years. He co-founded The Planetary Society and was a member of the SETI Institute Board of Trustees. Sagan served as Chairman of the Division for Planetary Science of the American Astronomical Society, as President of the Planetology Section of the American Geophysical Union, and as Chairman of the Astronomy Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

At the height of the Cold War, Sagan became involved in nuclear disarmament efforts by promoting hypotheses on the effects of nuclear war, when Paul Crutzen's "Twilight at Noon" concept suggested that a substantial nuclear exchange could trigger a nuclear twilight and upset the delicate balance of life on Earth by cooling the surface. In 1983 he was one of five authors—the "S"—in the follow-up "TTAPS" model (as the research article came to be known), which contained the first use of the term "nuclear winter", which his colleague Richard P. Turco had coined.^[59] In 1984 he co-authored the book The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War and in 1990 the book A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race, which explains the nuclear-winter hypothesis and advocates nuclear disarmament. Sagan received a great deal of skepticism and disdain for the use of media to disseminate a very uncertain hypothesis. A personal correspondence with nuclear physicist Edward Teller around 1983 began amicably, with Teller expressing support for continued research to ascertain the credibility of the winter hypothesis. However, Sagan and Teller's correspondence would ultimately result in Teller writing: "A propagandist is one who uses incomplete information to produce maximum persuasion. I can compliment you on being, indeed, an excellent propagandist, remembering that a propagandist is the better the less he appears to be one".^[60] Biographers of Sagan would also comment that from a scientific viewpoint, nuclear winter was a low point for Sagan, although, politically speaking, it popularized his image amongst the public.^[60]

The adult Sagan remained a fan of science fiction, although disliking stories that were not realistic (such as ignoring the inverse-square law) or, he said, did not include "thoughtful pursuit of alternative futures".^[12] He wrote books to popularize science, such as Cosmos, which reflected and expanded upon some of the themes of A Personal Voyage and became the best-selling science book ever published in English;^[61]The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, which won a Pulitzer Prize; and Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science. Sagan also wrote the best-selling science fiction novel Contact in 1985, based on a film treatment he wrote with his wife, Ann Druyan, in 1979, but he did not live to see the book's 1997 motion-picture adaptation, which starred Jodie Foster and won the 1998 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.

Pale Blue Dot: Earth is a bright pixel when photographed from Voyager 1, 6 billion kilometres (3.7 billion miles) away.^[62] Sagan encouraged NASA to generate this image.

On it, everyone you ever heard of... The aggregate of all our joys and sufferings, thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilizations, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every hopeful child, every mother and father, every inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of our species, lived there on a mote of dust, suspended in a sunbeam. ...
Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors so that in glory and triumph they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot.

Carl Sagan, Cornell lecture in 1994

Sagan wrote a sequel to Cosmos, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, which was selected as a notable book of 1995 by The New York Times. He appeared on PBS's Charlie Rose program in January 1995.^[32] Sagan also wrote the introduction for Stephen Hawking's bestseller A Brief History of Time. Sagan was also known for his popularization of science, his efforts to increase scientific understanding among the general public, and his positions in favor of scientific skepticism and against pseudoscience, such as his debunking of the Betty and Barney Hill abduction. To mark the tenth anniversary of Sagan's death, David Morrison, a former student of Sagan, recalled "Sagan's immense contributions to planetary research, the public understanding of science, and the skeptical movement" in Skeptical Inquirer.^[24]

Following Saddam Hussein's threats to light Kuwait's oil wells on fire in response to any physical challenge to Iraqi control of the oil assets, Sagan together with his "TTAPS" colleagues and Paul Crutzen, warned in January 1991 in The Baltimore Sun and Wilmington Morning Star newspapers that if the fires were left to burn over a period of several months, enough smoke from the 600 or so 1991 Kuwaiti oil fires "might get so high as to disrupt agriculture in much of South Asia ..." and that this possibility should "affect the war plans";^[64][65] these claims were also the subject of a televised debate between Sagan and physicist Fred Singer on January 22, aired on the ABC News program Nightline.^[66][67]

Sagan admitted that he had overestimated the danger posed by the 1991 Kuwaiti oil fires.

In the televised debate, Sagan argued that the effects of the smoke would be similar to the effects of a nuclear winter, with Singer arguing to the contrary. After the debate, the fires burnt for many months before extinguishing efforts were complete. The results of the smoke did not produce continental-sized cooling. Sagan later conceded in The Demon-Haunted World that the prediction did not turn out to be correct: "it was pitch black at noon and temperatures dropped 4–6 °C over the Persian Gulf, but not much smoke reached stratospheric altitudes and Asia was spared".^[68]

In his later years Sagan advocated the creation of an organized search for asteroids/near-Earth objects (NEOs) that might impact the Earth but to forestall or postpone developing the technological methods that would be needed to defend against them.^[69] He argued that all of the numerous methods proposed to alter the orbit of an asteroid, including the employment of nuclear detonations, created a deflection dilemma: if the ability to deflect an asteroid away from the Earth exists, then one would also have the ability to divert a non-threatening object towards Earth, creating an immensely destructive weapon.^[70][71] In a 1994 paper he co-authored, he ridiculed a 3-day long "Near-Earth Object Interception Workshop" held by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in 1993 that did not, "even in passing" state that such interception and deflection technologies could have these "ancillary dangers".^[70]

Sagan remained hopeful that the natural NEO impact threat and the intrinsically double-edged essence of the methods to prevent these threats would serve as a "new and potent motivation to maturing international relations".^[70][72] Later acknowledging that, with sufficient international oversight, in the future a "work our way up" approach to implementing nuclear explosive deflection methods could be fielded, and when sufficient knowledge was gained, to use them to aid in mining asteroids.^[71] His interest in the use of nuclear detonations in space grew out of his work in 1958 for the Armour Research Foundation's Project A119, concerning the possibility of detonating a nuclear device on the lunar surface.^[73]

Sagan was a critic of Plato, having said of the ancient Greek philosopher: "Science and mathematics were to be removed from the hands of the merchants and the artisans. This tendency found its most effective advocate in a follower of Pythagoras named Plato" and^[74]

He (Plato) believed that ideas were far more real than the natural world. He advised the astronomers not to waste their time observing the stars and planets. It was better, he believed, just to think about them. Plato expressed hostility to observation and experiment. He taught contempt for the real world and disdain for the practical application of scientific knowledge. Plato's followers succeeded in extinguishing the light of science and experiment that had been kindled by Democritus and the other Ionians.

Sagan popularized a set of tools for skeptical thinking first coined by friend Arthur Felberbaum called the "baloney detection kit".^[75]

Popularizing science[edit]

Speaking about his activities in popularizing science, Sagan said that there were at least two reasons for scientists to share the purposes of science and its contemporary state. Simple self-interest was one: much of the funding for science came from the public, and the public therefore had the right to know how the money was being spent. If scientists increased public admiration for science, there was a good chance of having more public supporters.^[76] The other reason was the excitement of communicating one's own excitement about science to others.^[77]

Following the success of Cosmos, Sagan set up his own publishing firm, Cosmos Store, in order to publish science books for the general public. It was not successful.^[78]

Criticisms[edit]

While Sagan was widely adored by the general public, his reputation in the scientific community was more polarized.^[79] Critics sometimes characterized his work as fanciful, non-rigorous, and self-aggrandizing,^[80] and others complained in his later years that he neglected his role as a faculty member to foster his celebrity status.^[81]

One of Sagan's harshest critics, Harold Urey, felt that Sagan was getting too much publicity for a scientist and was treating some scientific theories too casually.^[82] Urey and Sagan were said to have different philosophies of science, according to Davidson. While Urey was an "old-time empiricist" who avoided theorizing about the unknown, Sagan was by contrast willing to speculate openly about such matters.^[83]Fred Whipple wanted Harvard to keep Sagan there, but learned that because Urey was a Nobel laureate, his opinion was an important factor in Harvard denying Sagan tenure.^[82]

Sagan's Harvard friend Lester Grinspoon also stated: "I know Harvard well enough to know there are people there who certainly do not like people who are outspoken."^[82] Grinspoon added:^[82]

Wherever you turned, there was one astronomer being quoted on everything, one astronomer whose face you were seeing on TV, and one astronomer whose books had the preferred display slot at the local bookstore.

Some, like Urey, later came to realize that Sagan's popular brand of scientific advocacy was beneficial to the science as a whole.^[84] Urey especially liked Sagan's 1977 book The Dragons of Eden and wrote Sagan with his opinion: "I like it very much and am amazed that someone like you has such an intimate knowledge of the various features of the problem... I congratulate you... You are a man of many talents."^[84]

Sagan was accused of borrowing some ideas of others for his own benefit and countered these claims by explaining that the misappropriation was an unfortunate side effect of his role as a science communicator and explainer, and that he attempted to give proper credit whenever possible.^[82]

Social concerns[edit]

Sagan believed that the Drake equation, on substitution of reasonable estimates, suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations highlighted by the Fermi paradox suggests technological civilizations tend to self-destruct. This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such a cataclysm and eventually becoming a spacefaring

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abw2odt (0.9.6-2)

AbiWord to OpenDocument converter

accountwizard (4:18.08.3-1)

wizard for KDE PIM applications account setup

ack (2.24-1)

grep-like program specifically for large source trees

acl (2.2.53-4)

access control list - utilities

acme-tiny (1:4.0.4-1+deb10u1)

letsencrypt tiny Python client

acpi (1.7-1.1)

displays information on ACPI devices

acpitail (0.1-4+b1)

Show ACPI information in a tail-like style

acpitool (0.5.1-4+b4)

command line ACPI client

actiona (3.10.0-1)

emulate human activity through a powerful GUI and JavaScript

actionaz (3.10.0-1)

transitional dummy package

activity-log-manager (0.8.0-1.2)

blacklist configuration user interface for Zeitgeist

adequate (0.15.2)

Debian package quality testing tool

adplug-utils (2.2.1+dfsg3-1)

free AdLib sound library (utils)

advancecomp (2.1-2.1)

collection of recompression utilities

aesfix (1.0.1-6)

tool for correcting bit errors in an AES key schedule

aeskeyfind (1:1.0-5)

tool for locating AES keys in a captured memory image

aeson-pretty (0.8.7-3+b2 [armel], 0.8.7-3+b1 [amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

JSON pretty-printing tool

aespipe (2.4d-1+b1)

AES-encryption tool with loop-AES support

afflib-tools (3.7.17-5)

Advanced Forensics Format Library (utilities)

afio (2.5.1.20160103+gitc8e4317-1) [non-free]

archive file manipulation program

afuse (0.4.1-1+b3)

automounting file system implemented in user-space using FUSE

agedu (9723-1+b1)

Unix utility for tracking down wasted disk space

aha (0.5-1)

ANSI color to HTML converter

aho-corasick (0.6.9-1)

Fast multiple substring searching with finite state machines

air-quality-sensor (0.1.4.2-1)

user space driver for AppliedSensor's Indoor Air Monitor

akonadiconsole (4:18.08.3-1)

management and debugging console for akonadi

alacarte (3.11.91-4)

easy GNOME menu editing tool

alure-utils (1.2-6+b1)

AL Utilities REtooled (utilities)

amanda-client (1:3.5.1-2+b2)

Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Client)

amanda-common (1:3.5.1-2+b2)

Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Libs)

amanda-server (1:3.5.1-2+b2)

Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Server)

amideco (0.31e-3.1+b2)

Decompress flashfiles equipped with an AMI BIOS

amule-emc (0.5.2-4)

lists ed2k links inside emulecollection files

anbox (0.0~git20190124-1) [contrib]

Android in a box

android-sdk-ext4-utils (8.1.0+r23-2)

Android ext4-utils tools

android-sdk-libsparse-utils (1:8.1.0+r23-5)

Android sparse image creation tool

anomaly (1.1.0-3+b1)

detect anomalous data in a numeric stream

ansiweather (1.11-1)

Weather in your terminal, with ANSI colors and Unicode symbols

anthy (1:0.3-8.1)

Japanese kana-kanji conversion - utilities

anthy-common (1:0.3-8.1)

Japanese kana-kanji conversion - dictionary

antpm (1.19-6)

ANT+ information retrieval client for Garmin GPS products

anypaper (2.4-2+b1)

front-end for wallpapersetter

anyremote (6.7.2-1)

Remote control daemon for applications using Bluetooth, IrDA or WiFi

anyremote-data (6.7.2-1)

architecture independent files for anyremote

apkinfo (0.3.13-1)

Simple CLI script to display info about an APK file

apparix (11-062-1)

console-based bookmark tool for fast file system navigation

appc-spec (0.8.11+dfsg-2+b11)

App Container Specification (appc) - tools

apt-config-auto-update (2.1)

APT configuration for automatic cache updates

apt-listchanges (3.19)

package change history notification tool

apt-listdifferences (1.20190206)

source differences notification tool

apt-rdepends (1.3.0-6)

recursively lists package dependencies

aptfs (2:0.13.1-1)

FUSE filesystem for APT source repositories

aptly (1.3.0+ds1-2.2~deb10u1)

Swiss army knife for Debian repository management - main package

aptly-api (1.3.0+ds1-2.2~deb10u1)

Swiss army knife for Debian repository management - API

aptly-publisher (0.12.10-1)

Tool for management of Aptly publishes

aqbanking-tools (5.7.8-3)

basic command line homebanking utilities

arc (5.21q-6)

Archive utility based on the MSDOS ARC program

archivemount (0.8.7-1+b1)

mounts an archive for access as a file system

archmage (1:0.3.1-4)

CHM(Compiled HTML) Decompressor

argonaut-client (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut JSON-RPC client to manage computers and services

argonaut-common (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (common functions and libraries)

argonaut-common-fai (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (common library for FAI)

argonaut-dovecot (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (client-module for dovecot)

argonaut-fai-mirror (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (scripts to manage Debian mirrors)

argonaut-fai-monitor (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (service to get status from FAI installations)

argonaut-fai-nfsroot (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (tools, queues and status management)

argonaut-fai-server (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (scripts to enable Argonaut integration with FAI)

argonaut-freeradius (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut scripts to generate authentication for FreeRADIUS

argonaut-fuse (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (modular TFTP/Fuse supplicant)

argonaut-fuse-module-fai (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (LDAP FAI module for the TFTP/Fuse supplicant)

argonaut-fuse-module-opsi (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (OPSI module for the TFTP/Fuse supplicant)

argonaut-fusiondirectory (1.2.3-2)

Scripts that goes with plugins in Fusiondirectory

argonaut-fusioninventory (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (scripts to generate the FusionInventory schema)

argonaut-ldap2zone (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (tool to extract DNS zones from LDAP trees)

argonaut-quota (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut (tool to apply disk quota from ldap)

argonaut-samba (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut scripts to generate Samba share configurations

argonaut-server (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut JSON-RPC server to manage system deployment

argonaut-server-module-fai (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut JSON-RPC server module to manage FAI (Fully Automated Install)

argonaut-server-module-opsi (1.2.3-2)

Argonaut JSON-RPC server module to manage OPSI (open pc server integration)

arj (3.10.22-18)

archiver for .arj files

ark (4:18.08.3-1+deb10u2) [security]

archive utility

artha (1.0.3-3)

Handy off-line thesaurus based on WordNet

ascii (3.18-1)

interactive ASCII name and synonym chart

asciinema (2.0.2-1)

Record and share your terminal sessions, the right way

asciio (1.51.3-1)

dynamically create ASCII charts and graphs with GTK+2

asl-tools (0.1.7-2+b1)

command-line tools for ASL

assimp-utils (4.1.0~dfsg-5)

3D model import library (utilities)

asused (3.72-12)

tool to check IPv4 allocations and assignments as stored in the RIPE database

athena-jot (9.0-7)

print out increasing, decreasing, random, or redundant data, one per line

atool (0.39.0-9)

tool for managing file archives of various types

attr (1:2.4.48-4)

utilities for manipulating filesystem extended attributes

audiofile-tools (0.3.6-5)

sfinfo and sfconvert tools

authbind (2.1.2)

Allows non-root programs to bind() to low ports

autodir (0.99.9-10+b1)

Automatically creates home and group directories for LDAP/NIS/SQL/local accounts

autofs (5.1.2-4)

kernel-based automounter for Linux

autofs-hesiod (5.1.2-4)

Hesiod map support for autofs

autofs-ldap (5.1.2-4)

LDAP map support for autofs

autokey-common (0.90.4-1.1)

desktop automation utility - common data

autorenamer (0.4-1)

program to rename files to make them sort in given order

autosuspend (2.0.4-1)

daemon to suspend a system in case of inactivity

autotrash (0.1.5-1.1)

purges files from your trash based on age and/or filename

avahi-ui-utils (0.7-4+b1)

Avahi GTK+ utilities

avfs (1.0.6-1)

virtual filesystem to access archives, disk images, remote locations

avro-bin (1.8.2-1)

Apache Avro C utilities (avro-c)

awardeco (0.2-3.1+b2)

Decompress flashfiles equipped with an AWARD BIOS

away (0.9.5+ds-0+nmu2+b1)

Terminal locking program

awit-dbackup (0.0.22-1)

Flexible one archive per directory backup tool

b43-fwcutter (1:019-4+deb10u1) [contrib]

utility for extracting Broadcom 43xx firmware

babeltrace (1.5.6-2+deb10u1)

Trace conversion program

babiloo (2.0.11-2)

dictionary viewer with multi-languages support

backblaze-b2 (1.3.8-1)

Command Line Tool for Backblaze B2

backdoor-factory (3.4.2+dfsg-4)

Patch 32/64 bits ELF & win32/64 binaries with shellcode

backintime-common (1.1.24-0.1)

simple backup/snapshot system (common files)

backintime-gnome (1.1.24-0.1)

GNOME front-end for backintime (transitional package)

backintime-kde (1.1.24-0.1)

KDE front-end for backintime (transitional package)

backintime-qt4 (1.1.24-0.1)

simple backup/snapshot system (graphical interface)

backuppc (3.3.2-2+deb10u1)

high-performance, enterprise-grade system for backing up PCs

bacula-console-qt (9.4.2-2)

network backup service - Bacula Administration Tool

bacula-tray-monitor (9.4.2-2)

network backup service - Bacula Tray Monitor

baloo-kf5 (5.54.0-1)

framework for searching and managing metadata

bar (1.11.1-3)

Show information about a data transfer

basez (1.6-3+deb10u1)

base 16/32/64 encode/decode data to standard output

bash-builtins (5.0-4)

Bash loadable builtins - headers & examples

bcache-tools (1.0.8-3)

bcache userspace tools

bcrypt (1.1-8.1+b1)

Cross platform file encryption utility using blowfish (Decrypt only)

bd (1.02-4)

quickly go back to a specific parent directory in bash

bdf2psf (1.193~deb10u1)

font converter to generate console fonts from BDF source fonts

beancount (2.2.0-3)

Double-entry accounting from text files

bfbtester (2.0.1-7.1+b2)

Brute Force Binary Tester

bfs (1.3.3-1)

Breadth-first version of find(1)

binclock (1.5-6+b1)

binary clock for console with color support

bindfs (1.13.10-1)

mirrors or overlays a local directory with altered permissions

binfmtc (0.17-2+b1)

Execute C program as script

binstats (1.08-8.2)

Statistics tool for installed programs

blhc (0.09-1)

build log hardening check

blkreplay (1.0-3+b1)

block device testing and benchmarking toolkit

blkreplay-examples (1.0-3)

block device testing and benchmarking toolkit (examples)

blktrace (1.2.0-5)

utilities for block layer IO tracing

bloscpack (0.15.0-4)

CLI utility for the Blosc metacompressor

bluez-tools (2.0~20170911.0.7cb788c-2)

Set of tools to manage Bluetooth devices for linux

bmap-tools (3.5-2)

tool to flash image files to block devices using the block map

bogl-bterm (0.1.18-13)

Ben's Own Graphics Library - graphical terminal

bonnie++ (1.98)

Hard drive benchmark suite

boomaga (1.3.0-1)

virtual printer for viewing a document before printing

bootcd (5.14)

run your system from cd without need for disks

borgmatic (1.2.11-1)

automatically create, prune and verify backups with borgbackup

bosh (0.6-10)

browse output of processes

botch (0.21-8+b1 [armel, mips, mips64el, mipsel], 0.21-8 [amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, ppc64el, s390x])

tools to create and analyse dependency graphs

bpftrace (0.8+git60-gccac69c2239b-2)

high-level tracing language for Linux eBPF

brightd (0.4.1-2+deb10u1)

daemon which regulates brightness of LCDs dynamically

brotli (1.0.7-2)

lossless compression algorithm and format (command line utility)

bruteforce-luks (1.3.1-1)

Try to find a password of a LUKS encrypted volume

bruteforce-salted-openssl (1.4.1-1)

try to find the passphrase for files encrypted with OpenSSL

bsdcpio (3.3.3-4+deb10u1)

transitional dummy package for moving bsdcpio to libarchive-tools

bsdiff (4.3-21)

generate/apply a patch between two binary files

bsdmainutils (11.1.2+b1)

collection of more utilities from FreeBSD

bsdtar (3.3.3-4+deb10u1)

transitional dummy package for moving bsdtar to libarchive-tools

bsdutils (1:2.33.1-0.1)

basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite

btcheck (2.1-4)

downloaded data checker and a torrent file content viewer

btfs (2.18-1+b2)

access torrent files as a filesystem

btrbk (0.27.1-1)

backup tool for btrfs subvolumes

btrfs-heatmap (8-1)

Visualize the layout of data on your btrfs filesystem

buffer (1.19-12+b1)

Buffering/reblocking program for tape backups, printing, etc.

bugwarrior (1.6.0-3)

Pull tickets from bug trackers into taskwarrior

bumblebee (3.2.1-20)

NVIDIA Optimus support for Linux

bumblebee-nvidia (3.2.1-20) [contrib]

NVIDIA Optimus support using the proprietary NVIDIA driver

burp (2.1.32-2)

Simple cross-platform network BackUp and Restore Program

busybox (1:1.30.1-4)

Tiny utilities for small and embedded systems

busybox

virtual package provided by busybox-static

busybox-syslogd (1:1.30.1-4)

Provides syslogd and klogd using busybox

bzip2 (1.0.6-9.2~deb10u1)

high-quality block-sorting file compressor - utilities

cabal-debian (4.38.2-1+b1 [armel], 4.38.2-1 [amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

Create a debianization for a cabal package

cabextract (1.9-1)

Microsoft Cabinet file unpacker

caca-utils (0.99.beta19-2.1)

text mode graphics utilities

caja (1.20.3-1+b1)

file manager for the MATE desktop

caja-actions (1.8.3-4)

Caja extension to create custom actions

caja-actions-common (1.8.3-4)

Caja extension to create custom actions (common files)

caja-common (1.20.3-1)

file manager for the MATE desktop (common files)

caja-gtkhash (1.2-1)

caja extension for computing checksums and more using gtkhash

caja-rename (18.7.28~bzr25-1)

Batch renaming extension for Caja

calamares (3.2.4-3)

distribution-independent installer framework

calamares-settings-debian (10.0.20-1+deb10u3)

Debian theme and settings for the Calamares Installer

calamaris (2.99.4.5-3)

log analyzer for Squid or Oops proxy log files

calcoo (1.3.18-7)

Scientific calculator (GTK+)

calcurse (4.3.0-2.1)

text-based calendar and todo manager

canna (3.7p3-14)

input system for Japanese - server and dictionary

canna-shion (0.0.20010204-12)

supporting dictionaries for Canna

canna-utils (3.7p3-14)

input system for Japanese - utilities

cardpeek (0.8.4-1+b4)

Tool to read the contents of ISO7816 smartcards

cardpeek-data (0.8.4-1)

Tool to read the contents of ISO7816 smartcards - data files

care (2.2.1-1+b1)

make linux programs reproducible on all linux systems

casync (2+20180321-2.1)

content addressable data synchronizer

catfish (1.4.7-1)

File searching tool which is configurable via the command line

catimg (2.5.0-1)

fast image printing in to your terminal

cbindgen (0.8.7-1)

Generates C bindings from Rust code

cbm (0.2-1)

display in real time the network traffic speed

cbootimage (1.8-1)

Tools to dump and generate boot config table on Tegra devices

ccal (4.0-4)

Colorised calendar utility

ccextractor (0.87+ds1-1)

fast closed captions extractor for MPEG and H264 files

ccrypt (1.11-1)

secure encryption and decryption of files and streams

ccze (0.2.1-4+b1)

robust, modular log coloriser

cd5 (0.1-4)

Compute checksum of individual track on CD-ROMS

cdargs (1.35-12)

bookmarks and browsing for the cd command

cdck (0.7.0+dfsg-2)

tool for verifying the quality of written CDs/DVDs

cdde (0.3.1-1+b2)

CD Detect & Execute utility

cde (0.1+git9-g551e54d-1.1)

package everything required to execute a Linux command on another computer

cdebconf (0.249)

Debian Configuration Management System (C-implementation)

cdftools (3.0.2-3+b1)

Diagnostic tools for NEMO netCDF output

cdo (1.9.6-1)

Climate Data Operators

cdr2odg (0.9.6-2)

Corel Draw graphics to OpenDocument converter

cec-utils (4.0.4+dfsg1-2)

USB CEC Adaptor communication Library (utility programs)

cereal (0.24-1)

automated, logged serial terminal management system

certmonger (0.79.6-1)

D-Bus -based service to simplify interaction with certificate authorities

changetrack (4.7-6)

monitor changes to (configuration) files

chaosread (1.1-1)

Directly read ChaosKey noise source

chase (0.5.2-4+b2)

Follow a symlink and print out its target file

check-manifest (0.37-1)

Tool to check the completeness of MANIFEST.in for Python packages (Python 3)

checkpolicy (2.8-1)

SELinux policy compiler

chiark-backup (6.0.4)

backup system for small systems and networks

chiark-rwbuffer (6.0.4)

readbuffer/writebuffer: prevents tape drive seesawing, etc.

chiark-utils-bin (6.0.4)

chiark system administration utilities

chkboot (1.2-2)

detection of malicious changes for boot files

chrpath (0.16-2+b1)

Tool to edit the rpath in ELF binaries

cksfv (1.3.14-2+b2)

sfv checker and generator

clamav (0.102.4+dfsg-0+deb10u1)

anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface

clamav-base (0.102.4+dfsg-0+deb10u1)

anti-virus utility for Unix - base package

clamav-daemon (0.102.4+dfsg-0+deb10u1)

anti-virus utility for Unix - scanner daemon

clamav-freshclam (0.102.4+dfsg-0+deb10u1)

anti-virus utility for Unix - virus database update utility

clamav-milter (0.102.4+dfsg-0+deb10u1)

anti-virus utility for Unix - sendmail integration

clamav-testfiles (0.102.4+dfsg-0+deb10u1)

anti-virus utility for Unix - test files

clamav-unofficial-sigs (3.7.2-2)

update script for 3rd-party clamav signatures

clamdscan (0.102.4+dfsg-0+deb10u1)

anti-virus utility for Unix - scanner client

clamfs (1.0.1-3+b4)

user-space anti-virus protected file system

clamtk (5.27-1)

graphical front-end for ClamAV

clamtk-gnome (5.27-1)

GNOME (Nautilus) MenuProvider extension for ClamTk

clamz (0.5-2.1)

command-line program to download MP3's from Amazon

clblas-client (2.12-1+b1)

client program for clBLAS

clfft-client (2.12.2-1+b2)

client program for clFFT

cligh (0.3-3)

Command-line interface to GitHub

clog (1.3.0-1)

colorizing log tail utility

clzip (1.11-3)

C, lossless data compressor based on the LZMA algorithm

cmigemo (1:1.2+gh0.20150404-7)

Japanese incremental search tool written in C - binary

cmigemo-common (1:1.2+gh0.20150404-7)

Japanese incremental search tool written in C - common files

cmis-client (0.5.2-1)

client for the CMIS protocol

cmospwd (5.0+dfsg-2+b1)

decrypt BIOS passwords from CMOS

coda (2.20-3)

Common Data Access framework for Earth science

codecrypt (1.8-1)

post-quantum encryption and signing tool

codesearch (0.0~hg20120502-3+b11)

regular expression search over large bodies of source code

codfis (0.4.7-2+b2)

tool to generate Italian fiscal codes (codice fiscale)

collectd (5.8.1-1.3)

statistics collection and monitoring daemon

collectd-core (5.8.1-1.3)

statistics collection and monitoring daemon (core system)

collectd-dev (5.8.1-1.3)

statistics collection and monitoring daemon (development files)

collectd-utils (5.8.1-1.3)

statistics collection and monitoring daemon (utilities)

colorize (0.64-1)

Colorizes text on terminal with ANSI escape sequences

colortail (0.3.3-1+b2)

log colorizer that makes log checking easier

colortest (20110624-6)

utilities to test color capabilities of terminal

colortest-python (2.2-1)

utility to test color capabilities of terminal

comparepdf (1.0.1-1.1)

command line tool for comparing two PDF files

comprez (2.7.1-2)

frontend to many compression programs

concordance (1.3-1)

configuration tool for Harmony remotes

concordance-common (1.3-1)

Harmony remote configuration tool - common files

confclerk (0.6.4-1)

offline conference schedule application

congruity (20-1)

graphical utility to configure Logitech Harmony remotes

conky-all (1.10.8-1+b1)

highly configurable system monitor (all features enabled)

conky-cli (1.10.8-1+b1)

highly configurable system monitor (basic version)

conky-std (1.10.8-1+b1)

highly configurable system monitor (default version)

console-braille (1.7)

Fonts and keymaps for reading/typing unicode braille

console-common (0.7.90+deb10u1)

basic infrastructure for text console configuration

console-data (2:1.12-6)

keymaps, fonts, charset maps, fallback tables for 'kbd'.

console-setup (1.193~deb10u1)

console font and keymap setup program

console-setup-freebsd (1.193~deb10u1)

FreeBSD specific part of console-setup

console-setup-linux (1.193~deb10u1)

Linux specific part of console-setup

console-setup-mini (1.193~deb10u1)

console font and keymap setup program - reduced version for Linux

conv-tools (20160905-2)

convert 8 bit character encoding in file names and text content to UTF-8

convlit (1.8-1+b3)

convert Microsoft Reader .LIT files to HTML

convmv (2.05-1)

filename encoding conversion tool

coop-computing-tools (7.0.9-2)

cooperative computing tools

copyfs (1.0.1-5+b1)

Versioning filesystem for FUSE

copyq (3.7.3-1)

Advanced clipboard manager with editing and scripting features

copyq-plugins (3.7.3-1)

Plugins for CopyQ

coreutils (8.30-3)

GNU core utilities

cortado (0.6.0-4)

streaming applet for Ogg formats

cowbuilder (0.88)

pbuilder running on cowdancer

cowdancer (0.88)

Copy-on-write directory tree utility

cpio (2.12+dfsg-9)

GNU cpio -- a program to manage archives of files

cpio-win32 (2.12+dfsg-9)

GNU cpio -- a program to manage archives of files (win32 build)

cpipe (3.0.1-1+b2)

counting pipe

cpluff-loader (0.1.4+dfsg1-1+b2)

C-Pluff, a plug-in framework for C - plugin loader

cpm (0.32-1.2+b1)

Curses based password manager using PGP-encryption

cpu-checker (0.7-1.1)

tools to help evaluate certain CPU (or BIOS) features

cputool (0.0.8-2+b1)

Utility which manages CPU usage and system load

cramfsswap (1.4.1-1.1)

swap endianess of a cram filesystem (cramfs)

crash (7.2.5-1)

kernel debugging utility, allowing gdb like syntax

createfp (3.4.5-1)

Language detection library - fingerprint generation utility

cross-config (2.6.15-3)

autotools support for cross-compilation

crudini (0.7-1)

utility for manipulating ini files

cryfs (0.9.10-2)

encrypt your files and store them in the cloud

cryptol (2.6.0-3+b1)

domain-specific language of cryptography

csstidy (1.4-5)

CSS parser and optimiser

cstream (3.1.1-1)

general-purpose stream-handling tool similar to dd

csvkit (1.0.2-1)

command-line tools for working with CSV

csvtool (1.5-1+b3 [armel, armhf], 1.5-1+b2 [amd64, arm64, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

handy command line tool for handling CSV files

ctpl (0.3.4+dfsg-1)

command-line template parsing utility

cue2toc (0.4-5+b2)

converts CUE files to cdrdao's TOC format

cuetools (1.4.0-2+b1)

tools for manipulating CUE/TOC files

cups-ppdc (2.2.10-6+deb10u3)

Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD manipulation utilities

cura-engine (1:3.3.0-2.1+b1)

command line slicer engine for 3d printing

curlftpfs (0.9.2-9+b1)

filesystem to access FTP hosts based on FUSE and cURL

cycle (0.3.1-14)

calendar program for women

cylc (7.8.0-5)

Workflow scheduler

d-shlibs (0.84)

Debian shared library package building helper scripts

dact (0.8.42-4+b2)

multi-algorithm compression

daemon (0.6.4-1+b2)

turns other processes into daemons

daemonfs (1.1-1+b2)

real time monitoring software

dar (2.6.2-1+b10)

Disk ARchive: Backup directory tree and files

dar-static (2.6.2-1+b10)

Disk ARchive: Backup directory tree and files

dares (0.6.5+repack-2)

rescue files from damaged CDs and DVDs (ncurses-interface)

datamash (1.4-1)

statistics tool for command-line interface

datapacker (1.0.2+b1 [armel], 1.0.2 [amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

Tool to pack files into minimum number of CDs/DVDs/etc

dateutils (0.4.3-1)

nifty command line date and time utilities

davfs2 (1.5.5-1)

mount a WebDAV resource as a regular file system

db-upgrade-util (5.3.1+nmu1)

Berkeley Database Utilities (old versions)

db-util (5.3.1+nmu1)

Berkeley Database Utilities

dbench (4.0-2+b2)

The dbench (disk) and tbench (TCP) benchmarks

dbskkd-cdb (1:3.00-2)

SKK dictionary server using cdb for faster access

dbus-java-bin (2.8-9)

simple interprocess messaging system (Java Binaries)

dc3dd (7.2.646-3)

patched version of GNU dd with forensic features

dconf-cli (0.30.1-2)

simple configuration storage system - utilities

dconf-editor (3.30.2-1)

simple configuration storage system - graphical editor

dctrl-tools (2.24-3)

Command-line tools to process Debian package information

dctrl2xml (0.20)

Debian control data to XML converter

ddate (0.2.2-1+b1)

convert Gregorian dates to Discordian dates

ddccontrol (0.4.4-1)

program to control monitor parameters

ddccontrol-db (20180602-1)

monitor database for ddccontrol

ddcutil (0.9.2-1)

Control monitor settings

dde-calendar (1.2.6-1)

Deepin Calendar

ddir (2016.1029+gitce9f8e4-1)

display hierarchical directory tree

ddrescueview (0.4~alpha3-3)

graphical viewer for GNU ddrescue map files

ddrutility (2.8-1)

set of data recovery utilities for use with GNU ddrescue

dds2tar (2.5.2-7+b1)

Tools for using DDS features of DAT drives with GNU tar

ddskk (16.2-7)

efficient Japanese input system for emacsen

deb-gview (0.2.11+b1)

GNOME viewer for .deb package files and contents

debdate (0.20170714-1)

Convert Gregorian dates to Debian Regnal dates

debian-dad (1)

automated source package updater assistant

debian-goodies (0.84)

Small toolbox-style utilities for Debian systems

debian-installer-launcher (34)

Debian Installer desktop launcher

debianutils (4.8.6.1)

Miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian

debspawn (0.2.1-1)

Build in nspawn containers

debtree (1.0.10+nmu1)

package dependency graphs on steroids

deepin-deb-installer (1.3.0-1)

Deepin Package Manager

deepin-screen-recorder (2.7.7-1)

Simple recorder tools for deepin

deepin-screenshot (4.1.8-1)

Advanced screen shoting tool

deepin-shortcut-viewer (1.3.5-2)

Pop-up shortcut viewer for Deepin applications

deja-dup (38.3-1)

Backup utility

detachtty (11.0.0-2)

Utility to connect to detached interactive programs

detox (1.3.0-4)

replace problematic characters in filenames

devio (1.2-1.2+b1)

correctly read (or write) a region of a block device

devtodo (0.1.20-6.1+b1)

hierarchical, prioritised todo list manager

dfc (3.1.1-1)

display file system usage using graph and colors

dhcpy6d (0.4.3-1)

MAC address aware DHCPv6 server written in Python

di (4.47-1)

advanced df like disk information utility

di-netboot-assistant (0.62)

Debian-Installer netboot assistant

diamond (4.0.515-5)

smart data producer for Graphite graphing package

diceware (0.9.6-1)

Create memorizable passphrases from wordlists and various sources of randomness

dictconv (0.2-7+b2)

convert a dictionary file type in another dictionary file type

dictfmt (1.12.1+dfsg-8)

utility to format a file for use by a dictd server

difference (2.0.0-1)

text diffing tool

diffpdf (2.1.3-1.2)

compare two PDF files textually or visually

diffutils (1:3.7-3)

File comparison utilities

digitools (1.03-1.2)

A set of tools to control ASUS Digimatrix embedded hardware

diodon (1.8.0-1)

GTK+ Clipboard manager

dirdiff (2.1-7.2)

Display and merge changes between two directory trees

direnv (2.18.2-2)

Utility to set directory specific environment variables

direvent (5.1-1)

monitors events in the file system directories

dirmngr (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - network certificate management service

disc-cover (1.5.6-3)

produces covers for audio CDs

discus (0.2.9-11)

pretty version of df(1) command

diskscan (0.20-1+b1)

scan storage media for bad or near failure sectors

disktype (9-8)

detection of content format of a disk or disk image

dislocker (0.7.1-4+b1)

read/write encrypted BitLocker volumes

disorderfs (0.5.6-1)

FUSE filesystem that introduces non-determinism

disper (0.3.1-2)

display switcher for attaching/detaching displays easily

divxcomp (0.1-9)

bitrate calculator for DivX;-) movies written in perl

dlocate (1.07+nmu1)

fast alternative to dpkg -L and dpkg -S

dlume (0.2.4-14)

simple and easy to use addressbook (GTK+)

dmidecode (3.2-1)

SMBIOS/DMI table decoder

dmtx-utils (0.7.6-1.1+b1)

Utilities for reading and writing Data Matrix 2D barcodes

docker-registry (2.6.2~ds1-2+b21)

Docker toolset to pack, ship, store, and deliver content

dogecoin (1.10.0-7.1)

peer-to-peer network based digital currency

dolphin (4:18.08.0-1)

file manager

doodle (0.7.0-9+b2)

Desktop Search Engine (client)

doodled (0.7.0-9+b2)

Desktop Search Engine (daemon)

doschk (1.1-7)

SYSV and DOS filename conflicts check

doublecmd-common (0.9.1-1)

twin-panel (commander-style) file manager

doublecmd-gtk (0.9.1-1)

twin-panel (commander-style) file manager (GTK2)

doublecmd-plugins (0.9.1-1)

twin-panel (commander-style) file manager (plugins)

doublecmd-qt (0.9.1-1)

twin-panel (commander-style) file manager (Qt5)

doxypy (0.4.2-1.1)

Python input filter for Doxygen

dpkg-cross (2.6.15-3)

tools for cross compiling Debian packages

dpkg-dev (1.19.7)

Debian package development tools

dpo-tools (1.3-2)

set of scripts that can aid in the translation of podebconf files

dracut (048+80-2)

dracut is an event driven initramfs infrastructure

dracut-config-generic (048+80-2)

dracut is an event driven initramfs infrastructure

dracut-config-rescue (048+80-2)

dracut is an event driven initramfs infrastructure

dracut-core (048+80-2)

dracut is an event driven initramfs infrastructure (core tools)

dracut-network (048+80-2)

dracut is an event driven initramfs infrastructure (network modules)

drobo-utils (0.6.1+repack-2)

manage data robotics storage units (drobos)

dtrx (7.1-2)

intelligently extract multiple archive types

duc (1.4.3-6)

high-performance disk usage analyzer

duc-nox (1.4.3-6)

high-performance disk usage analyzer (without X support)

duff (0.5.2-1.1+b2)

Duplicate file finder

dumb-init (1.2.2-1.1)

wrapper script which proxies signals to a child

dump (0.4b46-5)

backup and restore for ext2/3/4 filesystems

dumpasn1 (20170309-1)

ASN.1 object dump program

duplicity (0.7.18.2-1)

encrypted bandwidth-efficient backup

duply (2.1-1)

easy to use frontend to the duplicity backup system

durep (0.9-3)

create disk usage reports

dvb-tools (1.16.3-3)

Collection of command line DVB utilities

dvcs-autosync (0.5+nmu1)

Automatically synchronize distributed version control repositories

dvhtool (1.0.1-5+b2)

Manipulate the volume header on sgi partition layouts

dvipng (1.15-1.1)

convert DVI files to PNG graphics

dvtm (0.15+40.g311a8c0-1)

Tiling window management for the console

dwarfdump (20180809-1)

utility to dump DWARF debug information from ELF objects

dwarves (1.12-2)

set of advanced DWARF utilities

dwdiff (2.1.2-2)

diff program that operates word by word

dxvk (0.96+ds1-1)

Vulkan-based translation layer for Direct3D 10/11

dynamite (0.1.1-2+b2)

PKWARE Data Compression decompressor

easy-rsa (3.0.6-1)

Simple shell based CA utility

eatmydata (105-7)

Library and utilities designed to disable fsync and friends

eb-utils (4.4.3-12)

C library for accessing electronic books (utilities)

ebook2epub (0.9.6-2)

other E-Book formats to EPUB converter

ebook2odt (0.9.6-2)

E-Book formats to OpenDocument converter

ecdsautils (0.3.2+git20151018-2+b1)

ECDSA elliptic curve cryptography command line tools

ed2k-hash (0.4.0+ds-2)

tool for generating ed2k-links

editorconfig (0.12.1-1.1)

coding style indenter for all editors - commandline tools

eject (2.1.5+deb1+cvs20081104-13.2)

ejects CDs and operates CD-Changers under Linux

ekeyd (1.1.5-6.2)

Simtec Electronics UDEKEY01 Entropy Key Daemon

ekeyd-egd-linux (1.1.5-6.2)

Transfers entropy from an EGD to the Linux kernel pool

elfrc (0.7-2)

convert arbitrary files into elf objects

elfutils (0.176-1.1)

collection of utilities to handle ELF objects

elpa-ledger (3.1.2~pre2+g3ec8506e-2)

command-line double-entry accounting program (emacs interface)

elscreen (1.4.6-5.2)

Screen for Emacsen

emacs-mozc (2.23.2815.102+dfsg-4)

Mozc for Emacs

emacs-mozc-bin (2.23.2815.102+dfsg-4)

Helper module for emacs-mozc

emdebian-archive-keyring (2.2)

GnuPG archive keys for the emdebian repository

encfs (1.9.5-1+b1)

encrypted virtual filesystem

entangle (2.0-1)

Tethered Camera Control & Capture

entropybroker (2.9-3)

infrastructure for distributing random numbers (entropy data)

enum (1.1-1+b1 [armhf], 1.1-1 [amd64, arm64, armel, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

seq- and jot-like enumerator

env2 (1.1.0-4)

convert environment variables between scripting languages

envstore (2.1-4)

store for environment variables across shell processes

escputil (5.3.1-7)

maintenance utility for Epson Stylus printers

etm (3.2.30-1)

manages events and tasks using simple text files

euca2ools (3.3.1-2)

tools for interacting with AWS API-compatible services

eureka (1.24-3)

map editor for the classic DOOM games

evtest (1:1.33-2)

utility to monitor Linux input device events

exa (0.8.0-2)

Modern replacement for ls

ext4magic (0.3.2-12)

recover deleted files from ext3 or ext4 partitions

extrace (0.7-1)

trace exec() calls system-wide

extract (1:1.8-2)

displays meta-data from files of arbitrary type

extundelete (0.2.4-2)

utility to recover deleted files from ext3/ext4 partition

f3 (7.1-1)

test real flash memory capacity

fakechroot (2.19-3.2)

gives a fake chroot environment - utilities

fakeroot (1.23-1)

tool for simulating superuser privileges

fakeroot

virtual package provided by pseudo

fakeroot-ng (0.18-4+b2)

Gives a fake root environment

faketime (0.9.7-3)

Report faked system time to programs (command-line tool)

falselogin (0.3-4+b2)

false login shell

fancontrol (1:3.5.0-3)

utility to control the fan speed

fasd (1.0.1-1)

command-line productivity booster

fatattr (1.0.1-14)

Utility to control attributes on a FAT filesystem

fatcat (1.0.5-1)

FAT filesystem explore, extract, repair, and forensic tool

fatrace (0.13-2)

report system wide file access events

fbterm (1.7-4+b1)

fast framebuffer based terminal emulator for Linux

fbterm-ucimf (0.2.9-5)

ucimf input method interface for fbterm

fcitx (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework

fcitx-anthy (0.2.3-2)

Fcitx wrapper for Anthy IM engine

fcitx-bin (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - essential binaries

fcitx-chewing (0.2.3-1)

Fcitx wrapper for Chewing library

fcitx-config-common (0.4.10-2)

graphic Fcitx configuration tool - common files

fcitx-config-gtk (0.4.10-2)

graphic Fcitx configuration tool - Gtk+ 3 version

fcitx-config-gtk2 (0.4.10-2)

graphic Fcitx configuration tool - Gtk+ 2 version

fcitx-data (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - essential data files

fcitx-dbus-status (2016062301-2)

Addon for Fcitx to set/get/monitor IM statuses via D-Bus

fcitx-frontend-all (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - frontends metapackage

fcitx-frontend-fbterm (0.2.0-3)

Flexible Input Method Framework - FbTerm frontend

fcitx-frontend-gtk2 (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - GTK+ 2 IM Module frontend

fcitx-frontend-gtk3 (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - GTK+ 3 IM Module frontend

fcitx-frontend-qt4 (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Qt4 IM Module frontend

fcitx-googlepinyin (0.1.6-4)

Fcitx wrapper for Google Pinyin IM engine

fcitx-hangul (0.3.1-2)

Free Chinese Input Toy of X - hangul module

fcitx-imlist (0.5.1-3)

Command-line utility to switch list of Fcitx IM

fcitx-kkc (0.1.4-1)

Fcitx wrapper for libkkc IM engine

fcitx-kkc-dev (0.1.4-1)

Fcitx wrapper for libkkc - library development files

fcitx-libpinyin (0.5.3-3)

Fcitx wrapper for libpinyin

fcitx-m17n (0.2.4-2)

Free Chinese Input Toy of X - m17n module

fcitx-module-autoeng-ng (0.1.1~git20150311-2)

Fcitx autoeng module for Sogou pinyin

fcitx-module-cloudpinyin (0.3.6-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - cloudpinyin module

fcitx-module-dbus (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - D-Bus module and IPC frontend

fcitx-module-fullwidthchar-enhance (0.0~git20150311-3)

Fcitx fullwidthchar enhance module for Sogou pinyin

fcitx-module-kimpanel (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - KIMPanel protocol module

fcitx-module-lua (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Lua module

fcitx-module-punc-ng (0.1.1~git20161101-2)

Fcitx punc module for Sogou pinyin

fcitx-module-x11 (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - X11 module and XIM frontend

fcitx-modules (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - core modules

fcitx-mozc (2.23.2815.102+dfsg-4)

Mozc engine for fcitx - Client of the Mozc input method

fcitx-pinyin (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - classic Pinyin engine

fcitx-qw (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - QuWei engine

fcitx-rime (0.3.2-5)

Fcitx wrapper for RIME engine

fcitx-sayura (0.1.2-1)

Fcitx wrapper for Sayura IM engine

fcitx-skk (0.1.4-1)

Japanese SKK input engine for Fcitx

fcitx-sunpinyin (0.4.2-2)

fcitx wrapper for Sunpinyin IM engine

fcitx-table (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - table engine

fcitx-table-all (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - tables metapackage

fcitx-table-amharic (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Amharic table

fcitx-table-arabic (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Arabic table

fcitx-table-array30 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Array30 table

fcitx-table-array30-big (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Array30-Big table

fcitx-table-bingchan (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Bingchan table

fcitx-table-boshiamy (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Boshiamy table

fcitx-table-cangjie (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Cangjie table

fcitx-table-cangjie-big (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Cangjie-Big table

fcitx-table-cangjie3 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Cangjie3 table

fcitx-table-cangjie5 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Cangjie5 table

fcitx-table-cantonese (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Cantonese table

fcitx-table-cantonhk (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Cantonhk table

fcitx-table-cns11643 (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Cns11643 table

fcitx-table-compose (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Compose table

fcitx-table-dianbaoma (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Dianbaoma table

fcitx-table-easy-big (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Easy-Big table

fcitx-table-emoji (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Emoji table

fcitx-table-erbi (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Erbi table

fcitx-table-ipa-x-sampa (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - IPA-X-SAMPA table

fcitx-table-jyutping (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Jyutping table

fcitx-table-latex (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - LaTeX table

fcitx-table-malayalam-phonetic (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Malayalam phonetic table

fcitx-table-quick-classic (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Quick-Classic table

fcitx-table-quick3 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Quick3 table

fcitx-table-quick5 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Quick5 table

fcitx-table-rustrad (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Rustrad table

fcitx-table-scj6 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Scj6 table

fcitx-table-stroke5 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Stroke5 table

fcitx-table-t9 (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - T9 table

fcitx-table-tamil-remington (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Tamil Remington table

fcitx-table-thai (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Thai table

fcitx-table-translit (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Translit table

fcitx-table-translit-ua (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Ukrainian Translit table

fcitx-table-viqr (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Viqr table

fcitx-table-wanfeng (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Wanfeng table

fcitx-table-wbpy (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - WubiPinyin table

fcitx-table-wu (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Wu table

fcitx-table-wubi (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Wubi table

fcitx-table-wubi-large (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Wubi-Large table

fcitx-table-yawerty (0.2.4-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Yawerty table

fcitx-table-zhengma (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Zhengma table

fcitx-table-zhengma-large (0.3.8-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Zhengma-Large table

fcitx-table-ziranma (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Ziranma table

fcitx-tools (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - various tools

fcitx-ui-classic (1:4.2.9.6-5)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Classic user interface

fcitx-ui-light (0.1.3-3)

light weight xlibs and xft based UI for Fcitx

fcitx-ui-qimpanel (2.1.3-2)

Flexible Input Method Framework - Qt IMPanel user interface

fcitx-unikey (0.2.7-1)

Fcitx wrapper for Unikey engine

fcitx5 (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Next generation of Fcitx Input Method Framework

fcitx5-data (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (common data files)

fcitx5-module-dbus (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (dbus module)

fcitx5-module-ibus (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (ibus module)

fcitx5-module-kimpanel (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (kimpanel module)

fcitx5-module-quickphrase (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (quickphrase module)

fcitx5-module-wayland (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (wayland modules)

fcitx5-module-xorg (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (xorg modules)

fcitx5-modules (0~20181128+ds1-1)

Fcitx Input Method Framework v5 (core modules)

fcm (2017.10.0-3)

Flexible Configuration Manager

fcrackzip (1.0-9)

password cracker for zip archives

fd-find (7.2.0-2)

Simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to find

fdflush (1.0.1.3+b1 [mips], 1.0.1.3 [i386])

Flush out-of-date disk buffers

fdisk (2.33.1-0.1)

collection of partitioning utilities

fdupes (1:1.6.1-2)

identifies duplicate files within given directories

fdutils (5.5-20060227-8)

Linux floppy utilities

feature-check (0.2.2-3)

tool to query a program for supported features

ferret-datasets (7.4.4-2)

Datasets for use with Ferret Visualisation and analysis suite

ferret-vis (7.4.4-2)

Interactive data visualization and analysis environment

fet (5.37.5-1)

timetable generator

fet-data (5.37.5-1)

timetable generator - documentation and examples

ffcvt (1.3.1-1)

ffmpeg convert wrapper tool

fh2odg (0.9.6-2)

Freehand to OpenDocument converter

field3d-tools (1.7.2-1+b5)

command-line tools for Field3D

file (1:5.35-4+deb10u1)

Recognize the type of data in a file using "magic" numbers

fileschanged (0.6.5-2)

command-line utility that reports when files have been altered

findutils (4.6.0+git+20190209-2)

utilities for finding files--find, xargs

fio (3.12-2)

flexible I/O tester

firejail (0.9.58.2-2+deb10u1) [security]

sandbox to restrict the application environment

firejail-profiles (0.9.58.2-2+deb10u1) [security]

profiles for the firejail application sandbox

firetools (0.9.58-1)

Qt frontend for the Firejail application sandbox

fl-cow (0.6-4.2)

copy-on-write utility

flash-kernel (3.99)

utility to make certain embedded devices bootable

flashbench (62-1+b1)

identify flash storage properties

flasm (1.62-10)

assembler and disassembler for Flash (SWF) bytecode

flatlatex (0.8-1)

Python3 LaTeX math converter to unicode text - binaries

flawfinder (1.31-1)

examines source code and looks for security weaknesses

flexpart (9.02-21)

Particle Dispersion model for tracing air transport phenomena

flickcurl-utils (1.26-4)

utilities to call the Flickr API from command line

flog (1.8+orig-2)

dump STDIN to file and reopen on SIGHUP

flvstreamer (2.1c1-1+b2)

command-line RTMP client

fnfx-client (0.3-16)

Client for customize fnfxd hot-keys

fnfxd (0.3-16)

ACPI and hotkey daemon for Toshiba laptops

fnotifystat (0.02.01-1)

file activity monitoring tool

folks-tools (0.11.4-1+b2)

Telepathy backend for libfolks - database and import tools

fondu (0.0.20060102-4.1)

convert between Mac and UNIX font formats

forensics-colorize (1.1-3)

show differences between files using color graphics

fpgatools (0.0+201212-1+b2)

tool to program field-programmable gate arrays

frame-tools (2.5.0-3+b2)

Touch Frame Library - test tools

freecdb (0.75+b1 [armhf], 0.75 [amd64, arm64, armel, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

creating and reading constant databases

freediameter (1.2.1-7)

Implementation of the freeDiameter protocol - metapackage

freediameterd (1.2.1-7)

Daemon for the Diameter protocol

freedom-maker (0.23)

FreedomBox image builder

freepwing (1.5-2)

EB to JIS X 4081 converter

freetype2-demos (2.9.1-3+deb10u1)

FreeType 2 demonstration programs

freewnn-common (1.1.1~a021+cvs20130302-7)

Files shared among the FreeWnn packages

freewnn-cserver (1.1.1~a021+cvs20130302-7+b1)

Chinese input system

freewnn-jserver (1.1.1~a021+cvs20130302-7+b1)

Japanese input system

freewnn-kserver (1.1.1~a021+cvs20130302-7+b1)

Korean input system

fsmark (3.3-3)

benchmark for simulating synchronous write workloads

fssync (1.6-1)

File system synchronization tool (1-way, over SSH)

fstrcmp (0.7.D001-1.1+b2)

fuzzy comparison of strings

fstrm-bin (0.4.0-1)

Frame Streams (fstrm) library (utilities)

ftdi-eeprom (1.4-1+b2)

Tool for reading/erasing/flashing FTDI USB chip EEPROMs

fts (1.1-2)

Modular TFTP/Fuse supplicant

fts-clacks (1.1-2)

Clacks module for the TFTP/Fuse supplicant

fts-fai-ldap (1.1-2)

LDAP FAI module for the TFTP/Fuse supplicant

fts-ltsp-ldap (1.1-2)

LDAP LTSP module for the TFTP/Fuse supplicant

fts-opsi (1.1-2)

LDAP LTSP module for the TFTP/Fuse supplicant

fuse (2.9.9-1+deb10u1)

Filesystem in Userspace

fuse

virtual package provided by fuse3

fuse-convmvfs (0.2.6-2+b2)

mirrors a whole filesystem tree from one charset to another

fuse-zip (0.5.0-1)

ZIP archive mounter based on FUSE

fuse3 (3.4.1-1+deb10u1)

Filesystem in Userspace (3.x version)

fusesmb (0.8.7-1.4)

filesystem client based on the SMB file transfer protocol

fzf (0.17.5-2+b10)

general-purpose command-line fuzzy finder

fzy (1.0-1)

fast, simple fuzzy text selector

g810-led (0.3.3-2)

LED configuration tool for Logitech Gx10 keyboards

gaffitter (0.6.0-2+b2)

File subsets extractor based on genetic algorithms

galleta (1.0+20040505-10)

Internet Explorer cookie forensic analysis tool

gameconqueror (0.17-2)

locate and modify a variable in a running process (GUI)

garmin-forerunner-tools (0.10repacked-11)

retrieve data from Garmin Forerunner/Edge GPS devices

gcab (1.2-3~deb10u1)

Microsoft Cabinet file manipulation tool

gcal (4.1-3)

program for calculating and printing calendars

gcal-common (4.1-3)

gcal architecture independent files

gcalcli (4.0.4-2)

Google Calendar Command Line Interface

gcin (2.8.8+dfsg1-1)

GTK+ based input method for Chinese users

gcin-anthy (2.8.8+dfsg1-1)

support library to use Anthy in gcin

gcin-data (2.8.8+dfsg1-1)

icons and scripts for gcin

gcin-gtk2-immodule (2.8.8+dfsg1-1)

GTK2 input method module with gcin as backend

gcin-gtk3-immodule (2.8.8+dfsg1-1)

GTK3 input method module with gcin as backend

gcin-qt5-immodule (2.8.8+dfsg1-1)

Qt5 input method module with gcin as backend

gcin-tables (2.8.8+dfsg1-1)

input method tables for gcin

gcin-voice (0~20170223-2)

gcin voice data

gconf-editor (3.0.1-6)

editor for the GConf configuration system

gcp (0.2.0-1)

advanced command line file copy system

gdbmtool (1.18.1-4)

GNU dbm database routines (command line tools)

gddccontrol (0.4.4-1)

program to control monitor parameters (graphical interface)

gddrescue (1.23-2)

GNU data recovery tool

gdf-tools (0.1.2-2.1+b3)

IO library for the GDF -- helper tools

gdsiiconvert (0.1+ds.1-1)

Convert GDSII geometries and report geometry statistics

genisovh (0.1-4+b1)

Make CD-ROMs bootable for SGI MIPS machines

genwqe-tools (4.0.18-3)

utilities for accelerated libz implementation

geoclue-2-demo (2.5.2-1)

geoinformation service (demonstration programs)

geoclue-2.0 (2.5.2-1)

geoinformation service

geotranz (3.3-2)

GEOgraphic coordinates TRANslator

germinate (2.31)

expand dependencies in a list of seed packages

ges1.0-tools (1.14.4-1)

Tools for use with the GStreamer editing services

gesftpserver (1~ds-1)

sftp server submodule for OpenSSH

gettext-base (0.19.8.1-9)

GNU Internationalization utilities for the base system

gfarm-client (2.7.11+dfsg-1.1)

Gfarm file system clients

gfio (3.12-2)

flexible I/O tester - gui frontend

ghi (1.2.0-1)

GitHub issue tracker command line interface (CLI)

giflib-tools (5.1.4-3)

library for GIF images (utilities)

gifti-bin (1.0.9-3)

tools shipped with the GIFTI library

gigtools (4.1.0~repack-2)

command line tools for Gigasampler and DLS Level 1/2 files

gir1.2-caja (1.20.3-1+b1)

GObject introspection data for Caja (transitional package)

git-annex (7.20190129-3+b1 [armel], 7.20190129-3 [amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

manage files with git, without checking their contents into git

git-annex-remote-rclone (0.5-1)

rclone-based git annex special remote

git-phab (2.1.0-2)

Git subcommand to integrate with Phabricator.

git-repair (1.20151215-1.2+b1 [armel], 1.20151215-1.2 [amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

repair various forms of damage to git repositories

github-backup (1.20170301-2+b1 [armel], 1.20170301-2 [amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x])

backs up data from GitHub

gitlab-cli (1:1.6.0-3)

GitLab command-line client

gitso (0.6.2+svn158+dfsg-2)

simple frontend for reverse VNC connections (remote assistance)

glances (3.1.0-1)

Curses-based monitoring tool

glbinding-tools (2.1.1-2)

command-line tools for glbinding

glbsp (2.24-4)

nodes builder for Doom-style games; has support for OpenGL

glew-utils (2.1.0-4)

OpenGL Extension Wrangler - utilities

glogg (1.1.4-1.1+b1)

Smart interactive log explorer using Qt

glymur-bin (0.8.17-1)

Python tools for accessing JPEG2000 files - scripts

gmemusage (0.2-11+b2)

Displays a graph detailing memory usage of each process

gmime-bin (3.2.1-1)

MIME message parser and creator library - runtime binaries

gmtkbabel (0.1-1)

graphical interface for mtkbabel

gnome-keysign (1.0.1-3)

easy signing of OpenPGP keys over the local network

gnome-multi-writer (3.30.0-2)

Write an ISO file to multiple USB devices at once

gnuit (4.9.5-3+b3)

GNU Interactive Tools, a file browser/viewer and process viewer/killer

gnupg (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - a free PGP replacement

gnupg-agent (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - cryptographic agent (dummy transitional package)

gnupg-agent

virtual package provided by gpg-agent

gnupg-pkcs11-scd (0.9.2-1)

GnuPG smart-card daemon with PKCS#11 support

gnupg-pkcs11-scd-proxy (0.9.2-1)

GnuPG smart-card daemon with PKCS#11 support, proxy

gnupg-utils (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - utility programs

gnupg1 (1.4.23-1)

GNU privacy guard - a PGP implementation (deprecated "classic" version)

goaccess (1:1.2-4+b10)

log analyzer and interactive viewer for the Apache Webserver

gobuster (2.0.1-1)

Directory/file & DNS busting tool written in Go

gokey (0.0~git20190103.40eba7e+really0.0~git20181023.b4e2780-3)

simple vaultless password manager in Go

golang-codesearch-dev (0.0~hg20120502-3)

regexp search over large bodies of source (development files)

golang-github-docker-distribution-dev (2.6.2~ds1-2)

Docker toolset to pack, ship, store, and deliver content (source)

golang-github-xordataexchange-crypt (0.0.2+git20170626.21.b2862e3-2+b21)

Store/retrieve encrypted configs from etcd or Consul (CLI tool)

goldendict (1.5.0~rc2+git20181207+ds-1)

feature-rich dictionary lookup program

gostsum (1.1.0.3-1)

Utility to compute GOST hashes

gpa (0.10.0-1)

GNU Privacy Assistant (GPA)

gpg (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU Privacy Guard -- minimalist public key operations

gpg-agent (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - cryptographic agent

gpg-wks-client (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - Web Key Service client

gpg-wks-server (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - Web Key Service server

gpgconf (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - core configuration utilities

gpgsm (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - S/MIME version

gpgv (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - signature verification tool

gpgv-static (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

minimal signature verification tool (static build)

gpgv-win32 (2.2.12-1+deb10u1)

GNU privacy guard - signature verification tool (win32 build)

gpgv1 (1.4.23-1)

GNU privacy guard - signature verification tool (deprecated "classic" version)

gphoto2 (2.5.20-3)

digital camera command-line client

gphotofs (0.5-6)

filesystem to mount digital cameras

gpomme (1.39~dfsg-5)

graphical client for pommed

gpr (0.15deb-2+b2)

GUI for lpr: print files and configure printer-specific options

gprename (20140325-1)

Complete batch renamer for Linux

gpsbabel (1.5.4-2)

GPS file conversion plus transfer to/from GPS units

gpsbabel-gui (1.5.4-2)

GPS file conversion plus transfer to/from GPS units - GUI

gpsprune (19.2-1)

visualize, edit, convert and prune GPS data

gpw (0.0.19940601-9+b1)

Trigraph Password Generator

gpxinfo (1.3.4-1)

Command line utility to extract basic statistics from a GPX file

grabserial (1.9.8-1)

python-based serial dump and timing program

grads (3:2.2.1-1+b1)

Grid Analysis and Display System for earth science data

graphite-carbon (1.1.4-2)

backend data caching and persistence daemon for Graphite

grcov (0.4.1-1)

Collects and aggregates code coverage information for multiple source files

grep (3.3-1)

GNU grep, egrep and fgrep

gridengine-client (8.1.9+dfsg-9)

Utilities for Grid Engine queue management

gridengine-common (8.1.9+dfsg-9)

Distributed resource management - common files

gridengine-exec (8.1.9+dfsg-9)

Distributed resource management - Execution Server

gridengine-master (8.1.9+dfsg-9)

Distributed resource management - Master Server

gridengine-qmon (8.1.9+dfsg-9)

Graphical utilities for Grid Engine queue management

gringotts (1.2.10-3)

secure password and data storage manager

grip (4.2.0-3)

Preview GitHub Markdown files like Readme locally

grokevt (0.5.0-2)

scripts for reading Microsoft Windows event log files

gron (0.6.0-1+b10)

tool to transform JSON into discrete, greppable assignments

grop (2:0.10-1.1)

Graphic interface for the porg package manager/organizer

grr-client-templates (3.1.0.2-2) [non-free]

incident response framework - pre-built client templates

grub-customizer (5.1.0-1)

GUI to configure GRUB2 and BURG

gscan2pdf (2.3.0-1)

GUI to produce PDFs or DjVus from scanned documents

gsmartcontrol (1.1.3-2)

graphical user interface for smartctl

gst-omx-listcomponents (1.14.4-1)

OpenMax plugins for GStreamer

gstreamer1.0-plugins-base-apps (1.14.4-2)

GStreamer helper programs from the "base" set

gstreamer1.0-tools (1.14.4-1)

Tools for use with GStreamer

gt5 (1.5.0~20111220+bzr29-2)

shell program to display visual disk usage with navigation

gtimer (2.0.0-1.2+b1)

GTK-based X11 task timer

gtkhash (1.2-1)

GTK+ utility for computing checksums and more

gtkperf (0.40+ds-2+b2)

GTK+ performance benchmark

gtrayicon (1.1-1+b2)

Generic tray icon for GNOME

guymager (0.8.8-3)

Forensic imaging tool based on Qt

gwenhywfar-tools (4.20.0-9)

helper applications for Gwenhywfar library

gworldclock (1.4.4-11)

Displays time and date in specified time zones

gzip (1.9-3)

GNU compression utilities

gzip-win32 (1.9-3)

GNU compression utility (win32 build)

gzrt (0.8-1)

gzip recovery toolkit

hadori (1.0-1+b1)

Hardlinks identical files

hardlink (0.3.2)

Hardlinks multiple copies of the same file

harp (1.5+data-3)

Data harmonization toolset for Earth Observation formats

hashalot (0.3-8)

Read and hash a passphrase

hashcheck (1.0.0-1)

verifies the files on a live mounted ISO image

hashdeep (4.4-5)

recursively compute hashsums or piecewise hashings