28.06.2019

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Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number

PMC

Kristen Jackson, MS, ATC,^*Janet E. Simon, PhD, ATC,^† and Carrie L. Docherty, PhD, ATC, FNATA^‡

Kristen Jackson

^*Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant

Janet E. Simon

^†School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens

Carrie L. Docherty

^‡School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington

^*Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant

^†School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens

^‡School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington

Address correspondence to Carrie L. Docherty, PhD, ATC, FNATA, School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1025 East 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47408. Address e-mail to ude.anaidni@trehcodc.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract

Context

Participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have been shown to have balance deficits related to decreased proprioception and neuromuscular control. Kinesiology tape (KT) has been proposed to have many benefits, including increased proprioception.

Objective

To determine if KT can help with balance deficits associated with CAI.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Thirty participants with CAI were recruited for this study.

Intervention(s)

Balance was assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). Participants were pretested and then randomly assigned to either the control or KT group. The participants in the KT group had 4 strips applied to the foot and lower leg and were instructed to leave the tape on until they returned for testing. All participants returned 48 hours later for another BESS assessment. The tape was then removed, and all participants returned 72 hours later to complete the final BESS assessment.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Total BESS errors.

Results

Differences between the groups occurred at 48 hours post–application of the tape (mean difference = 4.7 ± 1.4 errors, P < .01; 95% confidence interval = 2.0, 7.5) and at 72 hours post–removal of the tape (mean difference = 2.3 ± 1.1 errors, P = .04; 95% confidence interval = 0.1, 4.6).

Conclusions

The KT improved balance after it had been applied for 48 hours when compared with the pretest and with the control group. One of the most clinically important findings is that balance improvements were retained even after the tape had been removed for 72 hours.

Key Words: Balance Error Scoring System, ankle sprains, proprioception

Key Points

Balance deficits improved in individuals with chronic ankle instability after kinesiology tape had been applied for 48 hours.
The balance improvements were retained 72 hours after the kinesiology tape had been removed.

Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletics today.^¹ They can hinder both athletic performance and activities of daily living. After sustaining a lateral ankle sprain, some people are predisposed to recurrent injuries, which may eventually lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI).^² People with CAI can have postural-control deficits because of a decrease in neuromuscular control at the ankle.^³ These deficits can hinder athletic performance and lead to an increased risk of injury.^²,⁴ Many factors can influence postural control, including sensory information obtained from the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems and motor responses that affect coordination, joint range of motion, and strength.^⁵

Numerous treatment strategies can be used to improve balance, including whole-body vibration, taping, bracing, orthotics, balance training, and joint mobilizations. Kinesiology tape (KT) is a type of clinical tape that was developed in the 1970s by chiropractor Dr Kenzo Kase^⁶ and made popular by athletes at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China. Kase^⁶ claimed the tape can improve proprioceptive awareness. It is theorized that the pressure and compression created by the KT stimulates cutaneous mechanoreceptors, which convey information about joint position and movement, and therefore, may enhance proprioception.^⁷ One group^⁸ reported that KT can have a positive effect on ankle proprioception, but another group^⁹ identified no improvement in proprioception. Both sets of authors^⁸,⁹ used laboratory-based measures to evaluate proprioception, and these types of procedures may not be readily accessible in the sports medicine clinic. Thus, procedures to evaluate postural stability that are more readily available in the clinical setting may be more applicable to clinicians using KT. Examples of these measures include single-legged balance tests or reaching tasks that require a combination of strength, flexibility, and proprioception. The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is a measuring technique that requires minimal equipment and is a quick and easy assessment of balance.^¹⁰ The BESS has also been used in previous research^⁴ that evaluated balance in people with a history of ankle injuries.

A number of authors^¹¹–¹⁵ have evaluated how KT affects reach distances during the Star Excursion Balance Test, consistently finding no improvement. Other groups^{¹⁶–¹⁸} evaluating postural sway during quiet standing or single-legged–balance tests have noted more promising results. In each study, small yet potentially clinically meaningful improvements were identified in balance after tape application.

An interesting aspect of these studies is the length of time the tape was applied. Many authors performed the posttest immediately after tape application; however, when participants wore the tape for 1 to 2 days, the outcome measure improved.^⁸,¹⁶ Clinically, we apply the tape for multiple days, so it makes sense to design a research study that also continues the intervention for multiple days.

The fact that KT can be left on the skin for several days and can therefore provide continual feedback to the mechanoreceptors is one of the primary reasons it has the potential to improve balance. The KT might also assist in activating weak muscles that have been damaged during previous ankle sprains.^¹⁹ Improved proprioception enables the person to have a better sense of where his or her foot or ankle is positioned. This improved positioning creates more stability during movement and potentially improves overall quality of life. Thus, the purpose of our investigation was to determine the effects of KT application on postural stability in people with CAI.

METHODS

Participants

A total of 30 participants were included in this study. Participants were recruited from the School of Public Health, the Student Recreational Sports Center, and the local community to participate in this study. All participants had CAI, which was determined by the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) questionnaire.^²⁰ Specific inclusion criteria for participation were (1) a history of at least 1 lateral ankle sprain, (2) having experienced the sensation of “giving way” at least once within the last 6 months, and (3) a score of 11 or more on the IdFAI. Means, standard deviations, and frequencies for age, height, weight, IdFAI score, sex, and leg tested are reported in Table 1.

Table 1.

Participant Demographics

Characteristic	Group
Characteristic	Kinesiology Tape (n = 15)	Control (n = 15)
Age, mean ± SD, y	19.9 ± 1.7	20.9 ± 2.1
Height, mean ± SD, cm	168.4 ± 11.2	173.2 ± 10.4
Mass, mean ± SD, kg	69.8 ± 15.0	77.1 ± 14.4
Sex, No.
Males	4	8
Females	11	7
Leg tested, No.
Right	6	13
Left	9	2
Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire score, mean ± SD	21.6 ± 4.8	21.5 ± 3.9
No. of previous ankle sprains, mean ± SD	3.4 ± 1.5	2.7 ± 1.9
Time since last ankle sprain, No.
>2 y	4	6
1–2 y	5	3
6–12 mo	3	4
1–6 mo	3	2
<1 mo	0	0
Frequency of instability during sport or recreational activity, No.
Once a month	5	4
Once a week	6	9
Once a day	4	2

Participants were excluded from the study if they had acute symptoms of a lower extremity injury (pain, swelling, etc), had recently been diagnosed with a concussion or head injury, or had a previous lower leg surgery, previous experience using KT on the ankle, or symptoms of a head cold. Before the study, all participants read and signed an informed consent form, and the study was approved by the host university's institutional review board for the protection of human subjects.

Procedures

On the first day, participants completed the health history questionnaire, the informed consent, and the IdFAI. Participants then completed 2 practice trials of the BESS test to become comfortable with the procedures. On day 2, participants completed the BESS as a pretest and then were randomly divided into 2 groups: the KT group and the control group. The KT group received the taping intervention to the ankle. The control group received no intervention. All participants, both KT and control, were asked to return 48 hours later. Those in the KT group were instructed to keep the tape on their ankle until they returned. Participants were instructed to shower, exercise, and complete activities of daily living as usual. All participants returned in 48 hours for the next test; they repeated the BESS test and, if they were in the KT group, the tape was removed. All participants were then instructed to return 72 hours later for the final BESS test.

Balance Error Scoring System

The BESS consists of 6 conditions on 2 test surfaces: a hard flat surface and a foam surface (Airex Balance Pad; Perform Better, Cranston, RI). Three stances are tested: double-legged stance, single-legged stance, and tandem stance. A single examiner administered the test to all participants. With each condition, the participant was instructed to try and remain motionless with the hands on the iliac crest and with eyes closed for 20 seconds. The examiner counted the errors as the participant balanced. Possible errors were (1) lifting hands off the iliac crest; (2) opening eyes; (3) stepping, stumbling, or falling; (4) moving the hip into more than 30° of flexion or abduction; (5) lifting the forefoot or heel; and (6) remaining out of the testing position for more than 5 seconds. To be eligible for the study, all participants had to demonstrate at least 14 errors on the BESS.

According to a systematic review by Bell et al,^²¹ the reliability of the BESS ranges from moderate to good. The same systematic review concluded that the BESS has moderate to high criterion-related validity (depending on testing conditions) and high content validity for identifying balance deficits.^²¹ Our examiner's reliability for BESS total score was intraclass correlation coefficient (2,k) = 0.99.

Kinesiology Tape

We used Kinesio Tex Tape (Kinesio Products, Albuquerque, NM). Although a variety of taping techniques have been developed for the ankle, little consistency exists in the published research regarding applying KT to the ankle. The taping technique used in this study was created in conjunction with the instructor of the KT Certification class. The taping technique consists of 4 strips of tape, with the lengths depending on the size of the participant. To begin, the participant was asked to lie prone on a treatment table with the foot hanging off in a relaxed, resting plantar-flexed position. The taping procedure was applied by the same certified athletic trainer to ensure consistency throughout the study. When the tape was applied to the skin, the paper backing was removed at one end, making that the anchor. The anchors at the beginning and end of each strip of tape were laid on the skin with no tension.

Moderate tension (20%–35%) was provided when applying each strip of tape to the participant's skin. After the tape was applied, it was rubbed, creating friction and heat to activate the adhesive and properly adhere it to the skin (Figure 1). The first strip of tape was placed approximately from the origin to the insertion of the posterior tibialis muscle. This strip began around the inner posterior borders of the tibia and fibula and extended over the muscle to around the medial malleolus. The participant then lay supine on the treatment table for the remainder of the taping procedure. The second strip was placed approximately from the origin to the insertion of the anterior tibialis muscle. It extended from around the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia to the dorsum of the foot around the first cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. The third strip was extended approximately from the origin to the insertion of the peroneus longus muscle. This strip began around the head of the fibula, ran on top of the lateral malleolus, and then continued and wrapped under the plantar aspect of the foot, ending around the base of the first metatarsal. The fourth strip began just anterior to the lateral malleolus, extended under the plantar aspect of the foot, and was pulled up the transverse arch of the foot.

Statistical Analysis

We used 3 repeated-measures analyses of variance, 1 for each dependent variable, to determine if the KT had an effect on BESS errors. The 3 dependent variables were total of the flat conditions, total of the foam conditions, and the total BESS score. Each analysis included 1 within-subject factor, time at 3 levels (pretest, 48 hours post–tape application, and 72 hours post–tape removal), and 1 between-subjects factor, KT group and control group. A Tukey post hoc test was conducted on all significant differences. The a priori α level was set at P < .05 for all analyses.

RESULTS

For the overall total BESS scores, interpretation of the repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed a significant interaction between the groups and the test times (F_2,56 = 6.16, P = .004, η_p² = 0.18, power = 0.87; Figure 2). Specifically, we found no difference in total scores between the KT and control groups at the pretest (P = .86) but we did find a difference between the groups at 48 hours post–application of the tape (mean difference = 4.7 ± 1.4 errors, P < .01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0, 7.5) and at 72 hours post–removal of the tape (mean difference = 2.3 ± 1.1 errors, P = .04; 95% CI = 0.1, 4.6). We also found an improvement in balance scores in the KT group between pretest and 48 hours post–tape application (mean difference = 5.9 ± 0.9 errors, P < .01; 95% CI = 3.7, 8.2) and between pretest and 72 hours post–removal of the tape (mean difference = 4.7 ± 1.0 errors, P < .01; 95% CI = 2.3, 7.2).

When evaluating the flat and foam conditions separately, we found no group-by-time interaction for the total flat condition (F_2,56 = 2.75, P = .07, η_p² = 0.09, power = 0.52) but noted an interaction between the groups and test times for the total foam condition (F_2,56 = 4.5, P = .02, η_p² = 0.14, power = 0.75; Table 2).

Table 2.

Balance Error Scoring System Errors for Flat and Foam Totals, Mean ± SD

Variable	Pretest	48 h After Tape Application	72 h After Tape Removal
Flat total
Kinesiology tape group	4.1 ± 1.8	2.1 ± 1.7	2.5 ± 1.8
Control group	4.5 ± 3.1	4.4 ± 2.8	3.9 ± 1.7
Foam total
Kinesiology tape group	10.8 ± 1.8	6.8 ± 2.4^a,b	7.6 ± 1.8^a
Control group	10.6 ± 2.2	9.2 ± 1.4	8.5 ± 1.8

DISCUSSION

The primary finding of this study was an improvement in balance scores after KT was applied for 48 hours to participants with CAI. Potentially one of the most clinically important findings of this study is that balance improvements were retained for 72 hours even after the tape was removed. This investigation is unique when compared with other KT studies in that it is one of the few that looked at the effects of KT on balance in participants with CAI when the tape was applied for an extended period of time. This is also one of the only studies that included a follow-up test after tape removal to see if the balance improvements were retained.

At 48 hours after the KT was applied, errors from baseline decreased 24%; at 72 hours post–tape removal, errors decreased 18%. We suggest that the decrease in BESS errors (improvement in balance) was due to the extended period of time that the KT was applied to the skin. Unlike other types of tape, KT can be worn up to 5 days. When this tape is worn for several days (in our study, it was worn for 48 hours), we hypothesize that the cutaneous receptors and mechanoreceptors will be stimulated constantly. According to the closed-loop theory,^²² a stimulus (which could be tactile, pressure, or another type) applied to the body provides immediate afferent feedback data from the limb. The body compensates and becomes accustomed to receiving that afferent feedback from the stimulus, even after the stimulus has been removed.^{⁸,²²–²⁴}

After a lateral ankle sprain, the ankle proprioceptors might be damaged, causing dampened feedback regarding where the limb is in space.^²⁵ When the KT is applied to the leg, the tactile stimulus from the tape provides the feedback that has been lacking from the damaged proprioceptors. When the tape is applied for a longer period of time, there is enhanced afferent feedback, which could be retained even after the KT is removed. This could explain why the balance improvements persisted even after the tape was removed for 72 hours. Future authors should investigate whether these balance improvements last beyond 72 hours.

Many researchers^{¹¹,¹³,¹⁴,²⁶} found no improvement in balance after KT application. This may be because they evaluated healthy, uninjured participants and left the tape on for only a short period of time. Healthy participants may not show improved balance because they have “normal” balance abilities, and therefore, it may be difficult for any intervention to result in improvement. Participants with CAI, such as those in the current investigation, are known to have balance deficits.^⁴ Thus, it is more appropriate to investigate mechanisms that might improve balance in this sample of participants. In our study, we made certain that all CAI participants had balance deficits by requiring them to have at least 14 BESS errors at baseline testing. This criterion was based on 2 previous studies.^⁴,²⁷ Confirming that participants had balance deficits when they began the study created the best environment to identify balance improvements.

A few investigators^{⁸,¹²,¹⁵,¹⁶} have looked at the effects of KT on balance in people with CAI and, surprisingly, found no improvements. One major difference between these studies and ours is the length of time the KT remained on the skin before BESS testing. Bicici et al^¹⁵ evaluated balance immediately after KT application, whereas Hettle et al^¹² left the KT on for 20 minutes. Both groups concluded that KT had no effect on balance. Shields et al^¹⁶ left the tape on for 24 hours. What is interesting about their study is that the authors identified minor balance improvements but concluded they were not clinically meaningful. This conclusion, along with our findings, suggests that KT needs to be left on for at least 48 hours to improve balance. Based on manufacturer information, KT has reportedly been left on up to 5 days.

Simon et al^⁸ left the KT on for 72 hours and measured changes in proprioception through ankle–force-sense testing. They found that the KT improved proprioception in the ankle-instability group. After wearing KT for 72 hours, the CAI group had similar proprioceptive function as the healthy ankle group. This additional evidence indicates that when KT is applied to the ankle for a longer period of time, ankle stability improves. These results are similar to our results, and we believe that leaving the KT on for an extended period of time constantly stimulates the cutaneous receptors and mechanoreceptors.

We also theorize that our taping technique may have contributed to the improvement in balance. Kase et al⁶ proposed that pulling the tape from the origin to the insertion of a muscle facilitates muscle activation and helps the muscle work. Pulling the tape from the insertion to the origin of a muscle inhibits the muscles and tries to prevent the muscle from working. In this study, we identified the muscles in the leg that could affect balance, and we facilitated them. According to the Kinesio Taping Association,^¹⁹ facilitating muscles that are weak from a chronic condition or injury, such as CAI, increases muscle tension. The muscle fibers' and spindles' tension increases and they fire more, which might increase proprioceptive function.^⁶,¹⁹ However, with the amount of skin, subcutaneous fat, and fascia between the tape and the muscle, it is still unclear if the pull of the tape can really affect the muscle fibers.

A number of authors^²⁸–³¹ evaluated the effects of traditional white cloth tape on ankle proprioception. One group^²⁹ found that applying tape strips to the skin of the ankle resulted in an increase in cutaneous sensory feedback, but this study was conducted in healthy individuals who did not have decreased proprioception. Other studies^{²⁵,³⁰,³²} have looked at the effects of ankle braces on ankle proprioception. In 1 investigation,^²⁵ when participants with ankle instability wore an ankle brace, the threshold-to-detection-of-passive-motion scores were higher than in no-tape and tape-only groups. These findings also support that theory: KT applied for an extended period of time enhanced balance.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

The findings of our study can be used to treat athletes who exhibit symptoms of CAI and feel unstable while participating in physical activity. The KT can be used during the rehabilitation of individuals experiencing CAI. Using different tools may help to facilitate the rehabilitation process, especially in sports that require balancing techniques, including baseball or softball pitching, diving, gymnastics, and any other sport in which CAI's balance deficits hinder athletic performance. Clinicians can also use this information to aid patients having trouble completing activities of daily living due to balance deficits from CAI. The KT can be used on all age ranges and all sports because it is waterproof, hypoallergenic, and moveable and can be worn for long periods of time.

LIMITATIONS

One limitation was that the tape cannot be applied in identically every time it is used, although it was applied by the same clinician. Another limitation was the known learning effect with the BESS.^¹⁰,³³ We attempted to prevent this by conducting 2 practice tests on the first day, so participants could become completely comfortable with the task. We think this was accomplished because the control group's balance did not improve during the study.

Areas of further research include multiple applications of the KT to the same participants to see if balance errors decrease more than with a single application. Multiple applications could include reapplying KT to the same participant after 72 hours and waiting another 48 hours to see if the BESS score would improve even more. A long-term follow-up to determine the length of time the balance improvements are retained would also be interesting. Finally, because it is theorized that when the KT is pulled from origin to insertion, muscle activation is facilitated, would the results differ if the tape is pulled from insertion to origin, thus inhibiting the muscle?

CONCLUSIONS

Balance can affect activities of daily living and sport performance in individuals with CAI. Many techniques have been used to improve balance in people with ankle instability. It appears that KT applied to the ankle for 48 hours can improve balance compared with baseline and with individuals who had CAI but no KT application. More importantly, when compared with the control group, those balance improvements were retained after the KT had been removed for 72 hours. Even though other authors have shown no balance improvement in participants with CAI, we are the first to leave the KT on for 48 hours. Future investigators should follow these guidelines and see if these results can be reproduced.

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Network Working Group D. Cooper Request for Comments: 5280 NIST Obsoletes: 3280, 4325, 4630 S. Santesson Category: Standards Track Microsoft S. Farrell Trinity College Dublin S. Boeyen Entrust R. Housley Vigil Security W. Polk NIST May 2008 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificateand Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 certificate revocation list (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model is provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail along with standard and Internet-specific extensions. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................42. Requirements and Assumptions ....................................62.1. Communication and Topology .................................72.2. Acceptability Criteria .....................................72.3. User Expectations ..........................................72.4. Administrator Expectations .................................83. Overview of Approach ............................................83.1. X.509 Version 3 Certificate ................................93.2. Certification Paths and Trust .............................103.3. Revocation ................................................133.4. Operational Protocols .....................................143.5. Management Protocols ......................................144. Certificate and Certificate Extensions Profile .................164.1. Basic Certificate Fields ..................................164.1.1. Certificate Fields .................................174.1.1.1. tbsCertificate ............................184.1.1.2. signatureAlgorithm ........................184.1.1.3. signatureValue ............................184.1.2. TBSCertificate .....................................184.1.2.1. Version ...................................194.1.2.2. Serial Number .............................194.1.2.3. Signature .................................194.1.2.4. Issuer ....................................204.1.2.5. Validity ..................................224.1.2.5.1. UTCTime ........................234.1.2.5.2. GeneralizedTime ................234.1.2.6. Subject ...................................234.1.2.7. Subject Public Key Info ...................254.1.2.8. Unique Identifiers ........................254.1.2.9. Extensions ................................264.2. Certificate Extensions ....................................264.2.1. Standard Extensions ................................274.2.1.1. Authority Key Identifier ..................274.2.1.2. Subject Key Identifier ....................284.2.1.3. Key Usage .................................294.2.1.4. Certificate Policies ......................324.2.1.5. Policy Mappings ...........................354.2.1.6. Subject Alternative Name ..................354.2.1.7. Issuer Alternative Name ...................384.2.1.8. Subject Directory Attributes ..............394.2.1.9. Basic Constraints .........................394.2.1.10. Name Constraints .........................404.2.1.11. Policy Constraints .......................434.2.1.12. Extended Key Usage .......................444.2.1.13. CRL Distribution Points ..................454.2.1.14. Inhibit anyPolicy ........................48Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 4.2.1.15. Freshest CRL (a.k.a. Delta CRL Distribution Point) ......................484.2.2. Private Internet Extensions ........................494.2.2.1. Authority Information Access ..............494.2.2.2. Subject Information Access ................515. CRL and CRL Extensions Profile .................................545.1. CRL Fields ................................................555.1.1. CertificateList Fields .............................565.1.1.1. tbsCertList ...............................565.1.1.2. signatureAlgorithm ........................575.1.1.3. signatureValue ............................575.1.2. Certificate List "To Be Signed" ....................585.1.2.1. Version ...................................585.1.2.2. Signature .................................585.1.2.3. Issuer Name ...............................585.1.2.4. This Update ...............................585.1.2.5. Next Update ...............................595.1.2.6. Revoked Certificates ......................595.1.2.7. Extensions ................................605.2. CRL Extensions ............................................605.2.1. Authority Key Identifier ...........................605.2.2. Issuer Alternative Name ............................605.2.3. CRL Number .........................................615.2.4. Delta CRL Indicator ................................625.2.5. Issuing Distribution Point .........................65 5.2.6. Freshest CRL (a.k.a. Delta CRL Distribution Point) .............................................675.2.7. Authority Information Access .......................675.3. CRL Entry Extensions ......................................695.3.1. Reason Code ........................................695.3.2. Invalidity Date ....................................705.3.3. Certificate Issuer .................................706. Certification Path Validation ..................................716.1. Basic Path Validation .....................................726.1.1. Inputs .............................................756.1.2. Initialization .....................................776.1.3. Basic Certificate Processing .......................806.1.4. Preparation for Certificate i+1 ....................846.1.5. Wrap-Up Procedure ..................................876.1.6. Outputs ............................................896.2. Using the Path Validation Algorithm .......................896.3. CRL Validation ............................................906.3.1. Revocation Inputs ..................................916.3.2. Initialization and Revocation State Variables ......916.3.3. CRL Processing .....................................927. Processing Rules for Internationalized Names ...................957.1. Internationalized Names in Distinguished Names ............967.2. Internationalized Domain Names in GeneralName .............97Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 20087.3. Internationalized Domain Names in Distinguished Names .....987.4. Internationalized Resource Identifiers ....................987.5. Internationalized Electronic Mail Addresses ..............1008. Security Considerations .......................................1009. IANA Considerations ...........................................10510. Acknowledgments ..............................................10511. References ...................................................10511.1. Normative References ....................................10511.2. Informative References ..................................107Appendix A. Pseudo-ASN.1 Structures and OIDs ....................110A.1. Explicitly Tagged Module, 1988 Syntax ....................110A.2. Implicitly Tagged Module, 1988 Syntax ....................125Appendix B. ASN.1 Notes ..........................................133Appendix C. Examples .............................................136C.1. RSA Self-Signed Certificate ..............................137C.2. End Entity Certificate Using RSA .........................140C.3. End Entity Certificate Using DSA .........................143C.4. Certificate Revocation List ..............................1471. Introduction This specification is one part of a family of standards for the X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for the Internet. This specification profiles the format and semantics of certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs) for the Internet PKI. Procedures are described for processing of certification paths in the Internet environment. Finally, ASN.1 modules are provided in the appendices for all data structures defined or referenced. Section 2 describes Internet PKI requirements and the assumptions that affect the scope of this document. Section 3 presents an architectural model and describes its relationship to previous IETF and ISO/IEC/ITU-T standards. In particular, this document's relationship with the IETF PEM specifications and the ISO/IEC/ITU-T X.509 documents is described. Section 4 profiles the X.509 version 3 certificate, and Section 5 profiles the X.509 version 2 CRL. The profiles include the identification of ISO/IEC/ITU-T and ANSI extensions that may be useful in the Internet PKI. The profiles are presented in the 1988 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) rather than the 1997 ASN.1 syntax used in the most recent ISO/IEC/ITU-T standards. Section 6 includes certification path validation procedures. These procedures are based upon the ISO/IEC/ITU-T definition. Implementations are REQUIRED to derive the same results but are not required to use the specified procedures. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 Procedures for identification and encoding of public key materials and digital signatures are defined in [RFC3279], [RFC4055], and [RFC4491]. Implementations of this specification are not required to use any particular cryptographic algorithms. However, conforming implementations that use the algorithms identified in [RFC3279], [RFC4055], and [RFC4491] MUST identify and encode the public key materials and digital signatures as described in those specifications. Finally, three appendices are provided to aid implementers. AppendixA contains all ASN.1 structures defined or referenced within this specification. As above, the material is presented in the 1988 ASN.1. Appendix B contains notes on less familiar features of the ASN.1 notation used within this specification. Appendix C contains examples of conforming certificates and a conforming CRL. This specification obsoletes [RFC3280]. Differences from RFC 3280 are summarized below: * Enhanced support for internationalized names is specified in Section 7, with rules for encoding and comparing Internationalized Domain Names, Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs), and distinguished names. These rules are aligned with comparison rules established in current RFCs, including [RFC3490], [RFC3987], and [RFC4518]. * Sections 4.1.2.4 and 4.1.2.6 incorporate the conditions for continued use of legacy text encoding schemes that were specified in [RFC4630]. Where in use by an established PKI, transition to UTF8String could cause denial of service based on name chaining failures or incorrect processing of name constraints. * Section 4.2.1.4 in RFC 3280, which specified the privateKeyUsagePeriod certificate extension but deprecated its use, was removed. Use of this ISO standard extension is neither deprecated nor recommended for use in the Internet PKI. * Section 4.2.1.5 recommends marking the policy mappings extension as critical. RFC 3280 required that the policy mappings extension be marked as non-critical. * Section 4.2.1.11 requires marking the policy constraints extension as critical. RFC 3280 permitted the policy constraints extension to be marked as critical or non-critical. * The Authority Information Access (AIA) CRL extension, as specified in [RFC4325], was added as Section 5.2.7. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 * Sections 5.2 and 5.3 clarify the rules for handling unrecognized CRL extensions and CRL entry extensions, respectively. * Section 5.3.2 in RFC 3280, which specified the holdInstructionCode CRL entry extension, was removed. * The path validation algorithm specified in Section 6 no longer tracks the criticality of the certificate policies extensions in a chain of certificates. In RFC 3280, this information was returned to a relying party. * The Security Considerations section addresses the risk of circular dependencies arising from the use of https or similar schemes in the CRL distribution points, authority information access, or subject information access extensions. * The Security Considerations section addresses risks associated with name ambiguity. * The Security Considerations section references RFC 4210 for procedures to signal changes in CA operations. The ASN.1 modules in Appendix A are unchanged from RFC 3280, except that ub-emailaddress-length was changed from 128 to 255 in order to align with PKCS #9 [RFC2985]. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Requirements and Assumptions The goal of this specification is to develop a profile to facilitate the use of X.509 certificates within Internet applications for those communities wishing to make use of X.509 technology. Such applications may include WWW, electronic mail, user authentication, and IPsec. In order to relieve some of the obstacles to using X.509 certificates, this document defines a profile to promote the development of certificate management systems, development of application tools, and interoperability determined by policy. Some communities will need to supplement, or possibly replace, this profile in order to meet the requirements of specialized application domains or environments with additional authorization, assurance, or operational requirements. However, for basic applications, common representations of frequently used attributes are defined so that Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 application developers can obtain necessary information without regard to the issuer of a particular certificate or certificate revocation list (CRL). A certificate user should review the certificate policy generated by the certification authority (CA) before relying on the authentication or non-repudiation services associated with the public key in a particular certificate. To this end, this standard does not prescribe legally binding rules or duties. As supplemental authorization and attribute management tools emerge, such as attribute certificates, it may be appropriate to limit the authenticated attributes that are included in a certificate. These other management tools may provide more appropriate methods of conveying many authenticated attributes. 2.1. Communication and Topology The users of certificates will operate in a wide range of environments with respect to their communication topology, especially users of secure electronic mail. This profile supports users without high bandwidth, real-time IP connectivity, or high connection availability. In addition, the profile allows for the presence of firewall or other filtered communication. This profile does not assume the deployment of an X.500 directory system [X.500] or a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directory system [RFC4510]. The profile does not prohibit the use of an X.500 directory or an LDAP directory; however, any means of distributing certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs) may be used. 2.2. Acceptability Criteria The goal of the Internet Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is to meet the needs of deterministic, automated identification, authentication, access control, and authorization functions. Support for these services determines the attributes contained in the certificate as well as the ancillary control information in the certificate such as policy data and certification path constraints. 2.3. User Expectations Users of the Internet PKI are people and processes who use client software and are the subjects named in certificates. These uses include readers and writers of electronic mail, the clients for WWW browsers, WWW servers, and the key manager for IPsec within a router. This profile recognizes the limitations of the platforms these users Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 employ and the limitations in sophistication and attentiveness of the users themselves. This manifests itself in minimal user configuration responsibility (e.g., trusted CA keys, rules), explicit platform usage constraints within the certificate, certification path constraints that shield the user from many malicious actions, and applications that sensibly automate validation functions. 2.4. Administrator Expectations As with user expectations, the Internet PKI profile is structured to support the individuals who generally operate CAs. Providing administrators with unbounded choices increases the chances that a subtle CA administrator mistake will result in broad compromise. Also, unbounded choices greatly complicate the software that process and validate the certificates created by the CA. 3. Overview of Approach Following is a simplified view of the architectural model assumed by the Public-Key Infrastructure using X.509 (PKIX) specifications. The components in this model are: end entity: user of PKI certificates and/or end user system that is the subject of a certificate; CA: certification authority; RA: registration authority, i.e., an optional system to which a CA delegates certain management functions; CRL issuer: a system that generates and signs CRLs; and repository: a system or collection of distributed systems that stores certificates and CRLs and serves as a means of distributing these certificates and CRLs to end entities. CAs are responsible for indicating the revocation status of the certificates that they issue. Revocation status information may be provided using the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) [RFC2560], certificate revocation lists (CRLs), or some other mechanism. In general, when revocation status information is provided using CRLs, the CA is also the CRL issuer. However, a CA may delegate the responsibility for issuing CRLs to a different entity. Note that an Attribute Authority (AA) might also choose to delegate the publication of CRLs to a CRL issuer. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008PKI Entities 3.1. X.509 Version 3 Certificate Users of a public key require confidence that the associated private key is owned by the correct remote subject (person or system) with which an encryption or digital signature mechanism will be used. This confidence is obtained through the use of public key certificates, which are data structures that bind public key values to subjects. The binding is asserted by having a trusted CA digitally sign each certificate. The CA may base this assertion upon technical means (a.k.a., proof of possession through a challenge- response protocol), presentation of the private key, or on an assertion by the subject. A certificate has a limited valid lifetime, which is indicated in its signed contents. Because a certificate's signature and timeliness can be independently checked by a certificate-using client, certificates can be distributed via Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 untrusted communications and server systems, and can be cached in unsecured storage in certificate-using systems. ITU-T X.509 (formerly CCITT X.509) or ISO/IEC 9594-8, which was first published in 1988 as part of the X.500 directory recommendations, defines a standard certificate format [X.509]. The certificate format in the 1988 standard is called the version 1 (v1) format. When X.500 was revised in 1993, two more fields were added, resulting in the version 2 (v2) format. The Internet Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) RFCs, published in 1993, include specifications for a public key infrastructure based on X.509 v1 certificates [RFC1422]. The experience gained in attempts to deploy RFC 1422 made it clear that the v1 and v2 certificate formats were deficient in several respects. Most importantly, more fields were needed to carry information that PEM design and implementation experience had proven necessary. In response to these new requirements, the ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9 developed the X.509 version 3 (v3) certificate format. The v3 format extends the v2 format by adding provision for additional extension fields. Particular extension field types may be specified in standards or may be defined and registered by any organization or community. In June 1996, standardization of the basic v3 format was completed [X.509]. ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9 have also developed standard extensions for use in the v3 extensions field [X.509][X9.55]. These extensions can convey such data as additional subject identification information, key attribute information, policy information, and certification path constraints. However, the ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9 standard extensions are very broad in their applicability. In order to develop interoperable implementations of X.509 v3 systems for Internet use, it is necessary to specify a profile for use of the X.509 v3 extensions tailored for the Internet. It is one goal of this document to specify a profile for Internet WWW, electronic mail, and IPsec applications. Environments with additional requirements may build on this profile or may replace it. 3.2. Certification Paths and Trust A user of a security service requiring knowledge of a public key generally needs to obtain and validate a certificate containing the required public key. If the public key user does not already hold an assured copy of the public key of the CA that signed the certificate, the CA's name, and related information (such as the validity period or name constraints), then it might need an additional certificate to obtain that public key. In general, a chain of multiple certificates Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 may be needed, comprising a certificate of the public key owner (the end entity) signed by one CA, and zero or more additional certificates of CAs signed by other CAs. Such chains, called certification paths, are required because a public key user is only initialized with a limited number of assured CA public keys. There are different ways in which CAs might be configured in order for public key users to be able to find certification paths. For PEM, RFC 1422 defined a rigid hierarchical structure of CAs. There are three types of PEM certification authority: (a) Internet Policy Registration Authority (IPRA): This authority, operated under the auspices of the Internet Society, acts as the root of the PEM certification hierarchy at level 1. It issues certificates only for the next level of authorities, PCAs. All certification paths start with the IPRA. (b) Policy Certification Authorities (PCAs): PCAs are at level 2 of the hierarchy, each PCA being certified by the IPRA. A PCA shall establish and publish a statement of its policy with respect to certifying users or subordinate certification authorities. Distinct PCAs aim to satisfy different user needs. For example, one PCA (an organizational PCA) might support the general electronic mail needs of commercial organizations, and another PCA (a high-assurance PCA) might have a more stringent policy designed for satisfying legally binding digital signature requirements. (c) Certification Authorities (CAs): CAs are at level 3 of the hierarchy and can also be at lower levels. Those at level 3 are certified by PCAs. CAs represent, for example, particular organizations, particular organizational units (e.g., departments, groups, sections), or particular geographical areas. RFC 1422 furthermore has a name subordination rule, which requires that a CA can only issue certificates for entities whose names are subordinate (in the X.500 naming tree) to the name of the CA itself. The trust associated with a PEM certification path is implied by the PCA name. The name subordination rule ensures that CAs below the PCA are sensibly constrained as to the set of subordinate entities they can certify (e.g., a CA for an organization can only certify entities in that organization's name tree). Certificate user systems are able to mechanically check that the name subordination rule has been followed. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008RFC 1422 uses the X.509 v1 certificate format. The limitations of X.509 v1 required imposition of several structural restrictions to clearly associate policy information or restrict the utility of certificates. These restrictions included: (a) a pure top-down hierarchy, with all certification paths starting from IPRA; (b) a naming subordination rule restricting the names of a CA's subjects; and (c) use of the PCA concept, which requires knowledge of individual PCAs to be built into certificate chain verification logic. Knowledge of individual PCAs was required to determine if a chain could be accepted. With X.509 v3, most of the requirements addressed by RFC 1422 can be addressed using certificate extensions, without a need to restrict the CA structures used. In particular, the certificate extensions relating to certificate policies obviate the need for PCAs and the constraint extensions obviate the need for the name subordination rule. As a result, this document supports a more flexible architecture, including: (a) Certification paths start with a public key of a CA in a user's own domain, or with the public key of the top of a hierarchy. Starting with the public key of a CA in a user's own domain has certain advantages. In some environments, the local domain is the most trusted. (b) Name constraints may be imposed through explicit inclusion of a name constraints extension in a certificate, but are not required. (c) Policy extensions and policy mappings replace the PCA concept, which permits a greater degree of automation. The application can determine if the certification path is acceptable based on the contents of the certificates instead of a priori knowledge of PCAs. This permits automation of certification path processing. X.509 v3 also includes an extension that identifies the subject of a certificate as being either a CA or an end entity, reducing the reliance on out-of-band information demanded in PEM. This specification covers two classes of certificates: CA certificates and end entity certificates. CA certificates may be further divided into three classes: cross-certificates, self-issued Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 certificates, and self-signed certificates. Cross-certificates are CA certificates in which the issuer and subject are different entities. Cross-certificates describe a trust relationship between the two CAs. Self-issued certificates are CA certificates in which the issuer and subject are the same entity. Self-issued certificates are generated to support changes in policy or operations. Self- signed certificates are self-issued certificates where the digital signature may be verified by the public key bound into the certificate. Self-signed certificates are used to convey a public key for use to begin certification paths. End entity certificates are issued to subjects that are not authorized to issue certificates. 3.3. Revocation When a certificate is issued, it is expected to be in use for its entire validity period. However, various circumstances may cause a certificate to become invalid prior to the expiration of the validity period. Such circumstances include change of name, change of association between subject and CA (e.g., an employee terminates employment with an organization), and compromise or suspected compromise of the corresponding private key. Under such circumstances, the CA needs to revoke the certificate. X.509 defines one method of certificate revocation. This method involves each CA periodically issuing a signed data structure called a certificate revocation list (CRL). A CRL is a time-stamped list identifying revoked certificates that is signed by a CA or CRL issuer and made freely available in a public repository. Each revoked certificate is identified in a CRL by its certificate serial number. When a certificate-using system uses a certificate (e.g., for verifying a remote user's digital signature), that system not only checks the certificate signature and validity but also acquires a suitably recent CRL and checks that the certificate serial number is not on that CRL. The meaning of "suitably recent" may vary with local policy, but it usually means the most recently issued CRL. A new CRL is issued on a regular periodic basis (e.g., hourly, daily, or weekly). An entry is added to the CRL as part of the next update following notification of revocation. An entry MUST NOT be removed from the CRL until it appears on one regularly scheduled CRL issued beyond the revoked certificate's validity period. An advantage of this revocation method is that CRLs may be distributed by exactly the same means as certificates themselves, namely, via untrusted servers and untrusted communications. One limitation of the CRL revocation method, using untrusted communications and servers, is that the time granularity of revocation is limited to the CRL issue period. For example, if a Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 revocation is reported now, that revocation will not be reliably notified to certificate-using systems until all currently issued CRLs are scheduled to be updated -- this may be up to one hour, one day, or one week depending on the frequency that CRLs are issued. As with the X.509 v3 certificate format, in order to facilitate interoperable implementations from multiple vendors, the X.509 v2 CRL format needs to be profiled for Internet use. It is one goal of this document to specify that profile. However, this profile does not require the issuance of CRLs. Message formats and protocols supporting on-line revocation notification are defined in other PKIX specifications. On-line methods of revocation notification may be applicable in some environments as an alternative to the X.509 CRL. On-line revocation checking may significantly reduce the latency between a revocation report and the distribution of the information to relying parties. Once the CA accepts a revocation report as authentic and valid, any query to the on-line service will correctly reflect the certificate validation impacts of the revocation. However, these methods impose new security requirements: the certificate validator needs to trust the on-line validation service while the repository does not need to be trusted. 3.4. Operational Protocols Operational protocols are required to deliver certificates and CRLs (or status information) to certificate-using client systems. Provisions are needed for a variety of different means of certificate and CRL delivery, including distribution procedures based on LDAP, HTTP, FTP, and X.500. Operational protocols supporting these functions are defined in other PKIX specifications. These specifications may include definitions of message formats and procedures for supporting all of the above operational environments, including definitions of or references to appropriate MIME content types. 3.5. Management Protocols Management protocols are required to support on-line interactions between PKI user and management entities. For example, a management protocol might be used between a CA and a client system with which a key pair is associated, or between two CAs that cross-certify each other. The set of functions that potentially need to be supported by management protocols include: (a) registration: This is the process whereby a user first makes itself known to a CA (directly, or through an RA), prior to that CA issuing a certificate or certificates for that user. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 (b) initialization: Before a client system can operate securely, it is necessary to install key materials that have the appropriate relationship with keys stored elsewhere in the infrastructure. For example, the client needs to be securely initialized with the public key and other assured information of the trusted CA(s), to be used in validating certificate paths. Furthermore, a client typically needs to be initialized with its own key pair(s). (c) certification: This is the process in which a CA issues a certificate for a user's public key, and returns that certificate to the user's client system and/or posts that certificate in a repository. (d) key pair recovery: As an option, user client key materials (e.g., a user's private key used for encryption purposes) may be backed up by a CA or a key backup system. If a user needs to recover these backed-up key materials (e.g., as a result of a forgotten password or a lost key chain file), an on-line protocol exchange may be needed to support such recovery. (e) key pair update: All key pairs need to be updated regularly, i.e., replaced with a new key pair, and new certificates issued. (f) revocation request: An authorized person advises a CA of an abnormal situation requiring certificate revocation. (g) cross-certification: Two CAs exchange information used in establishing a cross-certificate. A cross-certificate is a certificate issued by one CA to another CA that contains a CA signature key used for issuing certificates. Note that on-line protocols are not the only way of implementing the above functions. For all functions, there are off-line methods of achieving the same result, and this specification does not mandate use of on-line protocols. For example, when hardware tokens are used, many of the functions may be achieved as part of the physical token delivery. Furthermore, some of the above functions may be combined into one protocol exchange. In particular, two or more of the registration, initialization, and certification functions can be combined into one protocol exchange. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 The PKIX series of specifications defines a set of standard message formats supporting the above functions. The protocols for conveying these messages in different environments (e.g., email, file transfer, and WWW) are described in those specifications. 4. Certificate and Certificate Extensions Profile This section presents a profile for public key certificates that will foster interoperability and a reusable PKI. This section is based upon the X.509 v3 certificate format and the standard certificate extensions defined in [X.509]. The ISO/IEC and ITU-T documents use the 1997 version of ASN.1; while this document uses the 1988 ASN.1 syntax, the encoded certificate and standard extensions are equivalent. This section also defines private extensions required to support a PKI for the Internet community. Certificates may be used in a wide range of applications and environments covering a broad spectrum of interoperability goals and a broader spectrum of operational and assurance requirements. The goal of this document is to establish a common baseline for generic applications requiring broad interoperability and limited special purpose requirements. In particular, the emphasis will be on supporting the use of X.509 v3 certificates for informal Internet electronic mail, IPsec, and WWW applications. 4.1. Basic Certificate Fields The X.509 v3 certificate basic syntax is as follows. For signature calculation, the data that is to be signed is encoded using the ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules (DER) [X.690]. ASN.1 DER encoding is a tag, length, value encoding system for each element. Certificate ::= SEQUENCE { tbsCertificate TBSCertificate, signatureAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, signatureValue BIT STRING } TBSCertificate ::= SEQUENCE { version [0] EXPLICIT Version DEFAULT v1, serialNumber CertificateSerialNumber, signature AlgorithmIdentifier, issuer Name, validity Validity, subject Name, subjectPublicKeyInfo SubjectPublicKeyInfo, issuerUniqueID [1] IMPLICIT UniqueIdentifier OPTIONAL, -- If present, version MUST be v2 or v3 Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 subjectUniqueID [2] IMPLICIT UniqueIdentifier OPTIONAL, -- If present, version MUST be v2 or v3 extensions [3] EXPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL -- If present, version MUST be v3 } Version ::= INTEGER { v1(0), v2(1), v3(2) } CertificateSerialNumber ::= INTEGER Validity ::= SEQUENCE { notBefore Time, notAfter Time } Time ::= CHOICE { utcTime UTCTime, generalTime GeneralizedTime } UniqueIdentifier ::= BIT STRING SubjectPublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, subjectPublicKey BIT STRING } Extensions ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF Extension Extension ::= SEQUENCE { extnID OBJECT IDENTIFIER, critical BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE, extnValue OCTET STRING -- contains the DER encoding of an ASN.1 value -- corresponding to the extension type identified -- by extnID } The following items describe the X.509 v3 certificate for use in the Internet. 4.1.1. Certificate Fields The Certificate is a SEQUENCE of three required fields. The fields are described in detail in the following subsections. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 20084.1.1.1. tbsCertificate The field contains the names of the subject and issuer, a public key associated with the subject, a validity period, and other associated information. The fields are described in detail in Section 4.1.2; the tbsCertificate usually includes extensions, which are described in Section 4.2. 4.1.1.2. signatureAlgorithm The signatureAlgorithm field contains the identifier for the cryptographic algorithm used by the CA to sign this certificate. [RFC3279], [RFC4055], and [RFC4491] list supported signature algorithms, but other signature algorithms MAY also be supported. An algorithm identifier is defined by the following ASN.1 structure: AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER, parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL } The algorithm identifier is used to identify a cryptographic algorithm. The OBJECT IDENTIFIER component identifies the algorithm (such as DSA with SHA-1). The contents of the optional parameters field will vary according to the algorithm identified. This field MUST contain the same algorithm identifier as the signature field in the sequence tbsCertificate (Section 4.1.2.3). 4.1.1.3. signatureValue The signatureValue field contains a digital signature computed upon the ASN.1 DER encoded tbsCertificate. The ASN.1 DER encoded tbsCertificate is used as the input to the signature function. This signature value is encoded as a BIT STRING and included in the signature field. The details of this process are specified for each of the algorithms listed in [RFC3279], [RFC4055], and [RFC4491]. By generating this signature, a CA certifies the validity of the information in the tbsCertificate field. In particular, the CA certifies the binding between the public key material and the subject of the certificate. 4.1.2. TBSCertificate The sequence TBSCertificate contains information associated with the subject of the certificate and the CA that issued it. Every TBSCertificate contains the names of the subject and issuer, a public Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 key associated with the subject, a validity period, a version number, and a serial number; some MAY contain optional unique identifier fields. The remainder of this section describes the syntax and semantics of these fields. A TBSCertificate usually includes extensions. Extensions for the Internet PKI are described in Section4.2. 4.1.2.1. Version This field describes the version of the encoded certificate. When extensions are used, as expected in this profile, version MUST be 3 (value is 2). If no extensions are present, but a UniqueIdentifier is present, the version SHOULD be 2 (value is 1); however, the version MAY be 3. If only basic fields are present, the version SHOULD be 1 (the value is omitted from the certificate as the default value); however, the version MAY be 2 or 3. Implementations SHOULD be prepared to accept any version certificate. At a minimum, conforming implementations MUST recognize version 3 certificates. Generation of version 2 certificates is not expected by implementations based on this profile. 4.1.2.2. Serial Number The serial number MUST be a positive integer assigned by the CA to each certificate. It MUST be unique for each certificate issued by a given CA (i.e., the issuer name and serial number identify a unique certificate). CAs MUST force the serialNumber to be a non-negative integer. Given the uniqueness requirements above, serial numbers can be expected to contain long integers. Certificate users MUST be able to handle serialNumber values up to 20 octets. Conforming CAs MUST NOT use serialNumber values longer than 20 octets. Note: Non-conforming CAs may issue certificates with serial numbers that are negative or zero. Certificate users SHOULD be prepared to gracefully handle such certificates. 4.1.2.3. Signature This field contains the algorithm identifier for the algorithm used by the CA to sign the certificate. This field MUST contain the same algorithm identifier as the signatureAlgorithm field in the sequence Certificate (Section Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 4.1.1.2). The contents of the optional parameters field will vary according to the algorithm identified. [RFC3279], [RFC4055], and [RFC4491] list supported signature algorithms, but other signature algorithms MAY also be supported. 4.1.2.4. Issuer The issuer field identifies the entity that has signed and issued the certificate. The issuer field MUST contain a non-empty distinguished name (DN). The issuer field is defined as the X.501 type Name [X.501]. Name is defined by the following ASN.1 structures: Name ::= CHOICE { -- only one possibility for now -- rdnSequence RDNSequence } RDNSequence ::= SEQUENCE OF RelativeDistinguishedName RelativeDistinguishedName ::= SET SIZE (1..MAX) OF AttributeTypeAndValue AttributeTypeAndValue ::= SEQUENCE { type AttributeType, value AttributeValue } AttributeType ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER AttributeValue ::= ANY -- DEFINED BY AttributeType DirectoryString ::= CHOICE { teletexString TeletexString (SIZE (1..MAX)), printableString PrintableString (SIZE (1..MAX)), universalString UniversalString (SIZE (1..MAX)), utf8String UTF8String (SIZE (1..MAX)), bmpString BMPString (SIZE (1..MAX)) } The Name describes a hierarchical name composed of attributes, such as country name, and corresponding values, such as US. The type of the component AttributeValue is determined by the AttributeType; in general it will be a DirectoryString. The DirectoryString type is defined as a choice of PrintableString, TeletexString, BMPString, UTF8String, and UniversalString. CAs conforming to this profile MUST use either the PrintableString or UTF8String encoding of DirectoryString, with two exceptions. When CAs have previously issued certificates with issuer fields with attributes encoded using TeletexString, BMPString, or UniversalString, then the CA MAY continue to use these encodings of the DirectoryString to preserve backward compatibility. Also, new Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 CAs that are added to a domain where existing CAs issue certificates with issuer fields with attributes encoded using TeletexString, BMPString, or UniversalString MAY encode attributes that they share with the existing CAs using the same encodings as the existing CAs use. As noted above, distinguished names are composed of attributes. This specification does not restrict the set of attribute types that may appear in names. However, conforming implementations MUST be prepared to receive certificates with issuer names containing the set of attribute types defined below. This specification RECOMMENDS support for additional attribute types. Standard sets of attributes have been defined in the X.500 series of specifications [X.520]. Implementations of this specification MUST be prepared to receive the following standard attribute types in issuer and subject (Section 4.1.2.6) names: * country, * organization, * organizational unit, * distinguished name qualifier, * state or province name, * common name (e.g., "Susan Housley"), and * serial number. In addition, implementations of this specification SHOULD be prepared to receive the following standard attribute types in issuer and subject names: * locality, * title, * surname, * given name, * initials, * pseudonym, and * generation qualifier (e.g., "Jr.", "3rd", or "IV"). The syntax and associated object identifiers (OIDs) for these attribute types are provided in the ASN.1 modules in Appendix A. In addition, implementations of this specification MUST be prepared to receive the domainComponent attribute, as defined in [RFC4519]. The Domain Name System (DNS) provides a hierarchical resource labeling system. This attribute provides a convenient mechanism for organizations that wish to use DNs that parallel their DNS names. This is not a replacement for the dNSName component of the alternative name extensions. Implementations are not required to Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 convert such names into DNS names. The syntax and associated OID for this attribute type are provided in the ASN.1 modules in Appendix A. Rules for encoding internationalized domain names for use with the domainComponent attribute type are specified in Section 7.3. Certificate users MUST be prepared to process the issuer distinguished name and subject distinguished name (Section 4.1.2.6) fields to perform name chaining for certification path validation (Section 6). Name chaining is performed by matching the issuer distinguished name in one certificate with the subject name in a CA certificate. Rules for comparing distinguished names are specified in Section 7.1. If the names in the issuer and subject field in a certificate match according to the rules specified in Section 7.1, then the certificate is self-issued. 4.1.2.5. Validity The certificate validity period is the time interval during which the CA warrants that it will maintain information about the status of the certificate. The field is represented as a SEQUENCE of two dates: the date on which the certificate validity period begins (notBefore) and the date on which the certificate validity period ends (notAfter). Both notBefore and notAfter may be encoded as UTCTime or GeneralizedTime. CAs conforming to this profile MUST always encode certificate validity dates through the year 2049 as UTCTime; certificate validity dates in 2050 or later MUST be encoded as GeneralizedTime. Conforming applications MUST be able to process validity dates that are encoded in either UTCTime or GeneralizedTime. The validity period for a certificate is the period of time from notBefore through notAfter, inclusive. In some situations, devices are given certificates for which no good expiration date can be assigned. For example, a device could be issued a certificate that binds its model and serial number to its public key; such a certificate is intended to be used for the entire lifetime of the device. To indicate that a certificate has no well-defined expiration date, the notAfter SHOULD be assigned the GeneralizedTime value of 99991231235959Z. When the issuer will not be able to maintain status information until the notAfter date (including when the notAfter date is 99991231235959Z), the issuer MUST ensure that no valid certification path exists for the certificate after maintenance of status Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 information is terminated. This may be accomplished by expiration or revocation of all CA certificates containing the public key used to verify the signature on the certificate and discontinuing use of the public key used to verify the signature on the certificate as a trust anchor. 4.1.2.5.1. UTCTime The universal time type, UTCTime, is a standard ASN.1 type intended for representation of dates and time. UTCTime specifies the year through the two low-order digits and time is specified to the precision of one minute or one second. UTCTime includes either Z (for Zulu, or Greenwich Mean Time) or a time differential. For the purposes of this profile, UTCTime values MUST be expressed in Greenwich Mean Time (Zulu) and MUST include seconds (i.e., times are YYMMDDHHMMSSZ), even where the number of seconds is zero. Conforming systems MUST interpret the year field (YY) as follows: Where YY is greater than or equal to 50, the year SHALL be interpreted as 19YY; and Where YY is less than 50, the year SHALL be interpreted as 20YY. 4.1.2.5.2. GeneralizedTime The generalized time type, GeneralizedTime, is a standard ASN.1 type for variable precision representation of time. Optionally, the GeneralizedTime field can include a representation of the time differential between local and Greenwich Mean Time. For the purposes of this profile, GeneralizedTime values MUST be expressed in Greenwich Mean Time (Zulu) and MUST include seconds (i.e., times are YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ), even where the number of seconds is zero. GeneralizedTime values MUST NOT include fractional seconds. 4.1.2.6. Subject The subject field identifies the entity associated with the public key stored in the subject public key field. The subject name MAY be carried in the subject field and/or the subjectAltName extension. If the subject is a CA (e.g., the basic constraints extension, as discussed in Section 4.2.1.9, is present and the value of cA is TRUE), then the subject field MUST be populated with a non-empty distinguished name matching the contents of the issuer field (Section4.1.2.4) in all certificates issued by the subject CA. If the subject is a CRL issuer (e.g., the key usage extension, as discussed in Section 4.2.1.3, is present and the value of cRLSign is TRUE), Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 then the subject field MUST be populated with a non-empty distinguished name matching the contents of the issuer field (Section5.1.2.3) in all CRLs issued by the subject CRL issuer. If subject naming information is present only in the subjectAltName extension (e.g., a key bound only to an email address or URI), then the subject name MUST be an empty sequence and the subjectAltName extension MUST be critical. Where it is non-empty, the subject field MUST contain an X.500 distinguished name (DN). The DN MUST be unique for each subject entity certified by the one CA as defined by the issuer field. A CA MAY issue more than one certificate with the same DN to the same subject entity. The subject field is defined as the X.501 type Name. Implementation requirements for this field are those defined for the issuer field (Section 4.1.2.4). Implementations of this specification MUST be prepared to receive subject names containing the attribute types required for the issuer field. Implementations of this specification SHOULD be prepared to receive subject names containing the recommended attribute types for the issuer field. The syntax and associated object identifiers (OIDs) for these attribute types are provided in the ASN.1 modules in Appendix A. Implementations of this specification MAY use the comparison rules in Section 7.1 to process unfamiliar attribute types (i.e., for name chaining) whose attribute values use one of the encoding options from DirectoryString. Binary comparison should be used when unfamiliar attribute types include attribute values with encoding options other than those found in DirectoryString. This allows implementations to process certificates with unfamiliar attributes in the subject name. When encoding attribute values of type DirectoryString, conforming CAs MUST use PrintableString or UTF8String encoding, with the following exceptions: (a) When the subject of the certificate is a CA, the subject field MUST be encoded in the same way as it is encoded in the issuer field (Section 4.1.2.4) in all certificates issued by the subject CA. Thus, if the subject CA encodes attributes in the issuer fields of certificates that it issues using the TeletexString, BMPString, or UniversalString encodings, then the subject field of certificates issued to that CA MUST use the same encoding. (b) When the subject of the certificate is a CRL issuer, the subject field MUST be encoded in the same way as it is encoded in the issuer field (Section 5.1.2.3) in all CRLs issued by the subject CRL issuer. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 (c) TeletexString, BMPString, and UniversalString are included for backward compatibility, and SHOULD NOT be used for certificates for new subjects. However, these types MAY be used in certificates where the name was previously established, including cases in which a new certificate is being issued to an existing subject or a certificate is being issued to a new subject where the attributes being encoded have been previously established in certificates issued to other subjects. Certificate users SHOULD be prepared to receive certificates with these types. Legacy implementations exist where an electronic mail address is embedded in the subject distinguished name as an emailAddress attribute [RFC2985]. The attribute value for emailAddress is of type IA5String to permit inclusion of the character '@', which is not part of the PrintableString character set. emailAddress attribute values are not case-sensitive (e.g., "subscriber@example.com" is the same as "SUBSCRIBER@EXAMPLE.COM"). Conforming implementations generating new certificates with electronic mail addresses MUST use the rfc822Name in the subject alternative name extension (Section 4.2.1.6) to describe such identities. Simultaneous inclusion of the emailAddress attribute in the subject distinguished name to support legacy implementations is deprecated but permitted. 4.1.2.7. Subject Public Key Info This field is used to carry the public key and identify the algorithm with which the key is used (e.g., RSA, DSA, or Diffie-Hellman). The algorithm is identified using the AlgorithmIdentifier structure specified in Section 4.1.1.2. The object identifiers for the supported algorithms and the methods for encoding the public key materials (public key and parameters) are specified in [RFC3279], [RFC4055], and [RFC4491]. 4.1.2.8. Unique Identifiers These fields MUST only appear if the version is 2 or 3 (Section4.1.2.1). These fields MUST NOT appear if the version is 1. The subject and issuer unique identifiers are present in the certificate to handle the possibility of reuse of subject and/or issuer names over time. This profile RECOMMENDS that names not be reused for different entities and that Internet certificates not make use of unique identifiers. CAs conforming to this profile MUST NOT generate certificates with unique identifiers. Applications conforming to Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 this profile SHOULD be capable of parsing certificates that include unique identifiers, but there are no processing requirements associated with the unique identifiers. 4.1.2.9. Extensions This field MUST only appear if the version is 3 (Section 4.1.2.1). If present, this field is a SEQUENCE of one or more certificate extensions. The format and content of certificate extensions in the Internet PKI are defined in Section 4.2. 4.2. Certificate Extensions The extensions defined for X.509 v3 certificates provide methods for associating additional attributes with users or public keys and for managing relationships between CAs. The X.509 v3 certificate format also allows communities to define private extensions to carry information unique to those communities. Each extension in a certificate is designated as either critical or non-critical. A certificate-using system MUST reject the certificate if it encounters a critical extension it does not recognize or a critical extension that contains information that it cannot process. A non-critical extension MAY be ignored if it is not recognized, but MUST be processed if it is recognized. The following sections present recommended extensions used within Internet certificates and standard locations for information. Communities may elect to use additional extensions; however, caution ought to be exercised in adopting any critical extensions in certificates that might prevent use in a general context. Each extension includes an OID and an ASN.1 structure. When an extension appears in a certificate, the OID appears as the field extnID and the corresponding ASN.1 DER encoded structure is the value of the octet string extnValue. A certificate MUST NOT include more than one instance of a particular extension. For example, a certificate may contain only one authority key identifier extension (Section 4.2.1.1). An extension includes the boolean critical, with a default value of FALSE. The text for each extension specifies the acceptable values for the critical field for CAs conforming to this profile. Conforming CAs MUST support key identifiers (Sections 4.2.1.1 and 4.2.1.2), basic constraints (Section 4.2.1.9), key usage (Section4.2.1.3), and certificate policies (Section 4.2.1.4) extensions. If the CA issues certificates with an empty sequence for the subject field, the CA MUST support the subject alternative name extension (Section 4.2.1.6). Support for the remaining extensions is OPTIONAL. Conforming CAs MAY support extensions that are not identified within Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 this specification; certificate issuers are cautioned that marking such extensions as critical may inhibit interoperability. At a minimum, applications conforming to this profile MUST recognize the following extensions: key usage (Section 4.2.1.3), certificate policies (Section 4.2.1.4), subject alternative name (Section4.2.1.6), basic constraints (Section 4.2.1.9), name constraints (Section 4.2.1.10), policy constraints (Section 4.2.1.11), extended key usage (Section 4.2.1.12), and inhibit anyPolicy (Section4.2.1.14). In addition, applications conforming to this profile SHOULD recognize the authority and subject key identifier (Sections 4.2.1.1 and 4.2.1.2) and policy mappings (Section 4.2.1.5) extensions. 4.2.1. Standard Extensions This section identifies standard certificate extensions defined in [X.509] for use in the Internet PKI. Each extension is associated with an OID defined in [X.509]. These OIDs are members of the id-ce arc, which is defined by the following: id-ce OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-ccitt(2) ds(5) 29 } 4.2.1.1. Authority Key Identifier The authority key identifier extension provides a means of identifying the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign a certificate. This extension is used where an issuer has multiple signing keys (either due to multiple concurrent key pairs or due to changeover). The identification MAY be based on either the key identifier (the subject key identifier in the issuer's certificate) or the issuer name and serial number. The keyIdentifier field of the authorityKeyIdentifier extension MUST be included in all certificates generated by conforming CAs to facilitate certification path construction. There is one exception; where a CA distributes its public key in the form of a "self-signed" certificate, the authority key identifier MAY be omitted. The signature on a self-signed certificate is generated with the private key associated with the certificate's subject public key. (This proves that the issuer possesses both the public and private keys.) In this case, the subject and authority key identifiers would be identical, but only the subject key identifier is needed for certification path building. The value of the keyIdentifier field SHOULD be derived from the public key used to verify the certificate's signature or a method Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 that generates unique values. Two common methods for generating key identifiers from the public key are described in Section 4.2.1.2. Where a key identifier has not been previously established, this specification RECOMMENDS use of one of these methods for generating keyIdentifiers or use of a similar method that uses a different hash algorithm. Where a key identifier has been previously established, the CA SHOULD use the previously established identifier. This profile RECOMMENDS support for the key identifier method by all certificate users. Conforming CAs MUST mark this extension as non-critical. id-ce-authorityKeyIdentifier OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ce 35 } AuthorityKeyIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { keyIdentifier [0] KeyIdentifier OPTIONAL, authorityCertIssuer [1] GeneralNames OPTIONAL, authorityCertSerialNumber [2] CertificateSerialNumber OPTIONAL } KeyIdentifier ::= OCTET STRING 4.2.1.2. Subject Key Identifier The subject key identifier extension provides a means of identifying certificates that contain a particular public key. To facilitate certification path construction, this extension MUST appear in all conforming CA certificates, that is, all certificates including the basic constraints extension (Section 4.2.1.9) where the value of cA is TRUE. In conforming CA certificates, the value of the subject key identifier MUST be the value placed in the key identifier field of the authority key identifier extension (Section 4.2.1.1) of certificates issued by the subject of this certificate. Applications are not required to verify that key identifiers match when performing certification path validation. For CA certificates, subject key identifiers SHOULD be derived from the public key or a method that generates unique values. Two common methods for generating key identifiers from the public key are: (1) The keyIdentifier is composed of the 160-bit SHA-1 hash of the value of the BIT STRING subjectPublicKey (excluding the tag, length, and number of unused bits). Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008 (2) The keyIdentifier is composed of a four-bit type field with the value 0100 followed by the least significant 60 bits of the SHA-1 hash of the value of the BIT STRING subjectPublicKey (excluding the tag, length, and number of unused bits). Other methods of generating unique numbers are also acceptable. For end entity certificates, the subject key identifier extension provides a means for identifying certificates containing the particular public key used in an application. Where an end entity has obtained multiple certificates, especially from multiple CAs, the subject key identifier provides a means to quickly identify the set of certificates containing a particular public key. To assist applications in identifying the appropriate end entity certificate, this extension SHOULD be included in all end entity certificates. For end entity certificates, subject key identifiers SHOULD be derived from the public key. Two common methods for generating key identifiers from the public key are identified above. Where a key identifier has not been previously established, this specification RECOMMENDS use of one of these methods for generating keyIdentifiers or use of a similar method that uses a different hash algorithm. Where a key identifier has been previously established, the CA SHOULD use the previously established identifier. Conforming CAs MUST mark this extension as non-critical. id-ce-subjectKeyIdentifier OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ce 14 } SubjectKeyIdentifier ::= KeyIdentifier 4.2.1.3. Key Usage The key usage extension defines the purpose (e.g., encipherment, signature, certificate signing) of the key contained in the certificate. The usage restriction might be employed when a key that could be used for more than one operation is to be restricted. For example, when an RSA key should be used only to verify signatures on objects other than public key certificates and CRLs, the digitalSignature and/or nonRepudiation bits would be asserted. Likewise, when an RSA key should be used only for key management, the keyEncipherment bit would be asserted. Cooper, et al. Standards Track [Page 29]

RFC 5280 PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile May 2008

Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]

Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number

Cisco NX-OS Licensing Guide

Tier-Based Licenses

Tier-based licensing is available for some Cisco Nexus 3000 and 9000 Series switches. This licensing model applies to both Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) and NX-OS standalone architectures where these switches can be deployed. For Cisco Nexus platforms that do not support tier-based licensing, we offer only the NX-OS standalone feature-based licenses. For these switches, see Feature-Based Licenses.

Note

The Release History for Licensing section lists the platforms that support tier-based licensing and the release in which support was introduced.

Tier-based licensing offers the following benefits:

Consistency across ACI and NX-OS licensing (for Cisco Nexus 9000 Series switches).
The simplicity of being able to purchase a group of feature licenses as packages: Essentials, Advantage, Premier.
Subscription-based or perpetual licenses
- A subscription-based license enables you to purchase a license for a specific period of time based on your requirement. A subscription-based license is offered as an Essentials, Advantage, or Premier license package.
  Purchasing a subscription-based license gives you the opportunity to adjust/upgrade the terms of the license (such as moving from Advantage to Premier) at the time of license renewal.
- A perpetual license enables you to make a one-time purchase of a license that does not expire. A perpetual license is offered as an Essentials or Advantage license package.

Note

Several add-on licenses are also available, which can be added to either tier or purchased independently.

Along with the infographic below, the Cisco Nexus 9000 and 3000 Series NX-OS Switch License Navigator (https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/td/docs/Website/datacenter/license/index.html) is available to help you select the appropriate license for your needs.

License Package	Features Included*
Essentials	Fabric management features (DCNM LAN ² and PTP) Fabric services features (iCAM, ITD, IP fabric for media non-blocking multicast, and smart channel) Routing and switching features (BGP, EIGRP, GRE, IS-IS, MSDP, OSPF, PBR, PIM, SSM, VRF, VXLAN BGP EVPN, SRv6 (no EVPN), and SR-MPLS (no EVPN)) Telemetry features (NetFlow, FT, FTE, SSX)
Advantage	All features included in the Essentials package plus the following features: Advanced fabric features (Pervasive Load Balancing and Tenant Routed Multicast) DCI overlay features (Inter AS option B, segment routing SR-MPLS, Layer 3 EVPN over segment routing SRv6, MPLS Layer 3 VPN, and VXLAN EVPN Multi-Site) Fabric services features (Enhanced PBR (EPBR) )
Premier	All features included in the Essentials and Advantage packages plus support for the Cisco Network Insights Advisor, Cisco Network Insights for Resources, and Cisco Network Assurance Engine.
NDB add-on license	Nexus Data Broker
Security add-on license	MACsec, Secure VXLAN EVPN Multi-Site using CloudSec³
Storage add-on license	FCoE, FC ⁴support on all 48 ports, and DCNM SAN ⁵
SyncE add-on license	Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) support

² When installing a tiered license with DCNM LAN, the DCNM Server does not recognize the license. ³ Beginning with Cisco Nexus Release 9.3(5), Secure VXLAN EVPN Multi-Site using CloudSec is supported only on Cisco Nexus 9300-FX2 platform switches, ⁴

Only 48 ports of native fiber channel ports are licensed on a N9K-C93360YC-FX2. Beginning with Cisco Nexus Release 9.3(5), the syslog is not generated for more than 48 ports.

⁵ When installing a tiered license with DCNM SAN, the DCNM Server does not recognize the license.

Note

*Feature support varies by platform and release. See the release notes and configuration guides to determine which features are supported for your platform.

The following options are available when you order an Essentials or Advantage package:

Cisco Nexus 9000 Series switches
- Cisco ONE subscription license for DCN (ACI+NX-OS) for 3 or 5 years
- Non-Cisco ONE perpetual license for DCN (ACI+NX-OS)
- Non-Cisco ONE perpetual license for NX-OS
- NX-OS upgrade licenses
Cisco Nexus 3000 Series switches
- Cisco ONE subscription license for NX-OS for 1, 3, or 5 years
- Non-Cisco ONE perpetual license for NX-OS

If you install a subscription-based license, you will be notified 90 days before your licensing contract expires.

Note

If the Essentials license expires after the Advantage license is installed, the following message appears: "LIC_LICENSE_EXPIRED: License expired for feature NXOS_ESSENTIALS_XF. Feature will run in honor mode." You can ignore this message because the license is no longer in use.

Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Tier-Based Licenses

The DCN (ACI+NX-OS) Essentials, Advantage, and add-on licenses are supported for Cisco Nexus 9300 platform switches beginning with Cisco NX-OS Release 9.2(3). Beginning with Cisco NX-OS Release 7.0(3)I7(7) and 9.3(2), the ACI Premier licenses are supported for Cisco Nexus 9300 platform switches. These licenses support license migration from Cisco NX-OS to ACI. Any attempt to install these licenses for a prior release will fail.

When you downgrade from Cisco NX-OS Release 9.2(3) to an earlier release, the features that use the DCN (ACI+NX-OS) Essentials, Advantage, and add-on licenses continue to work in honor mode in the downgraded version. In addition, the output of the show license usage command continues to include entries for these unsupported licenses.

The -XM licenses apply to modular switches; the -GF licenses apply to switches with less than 3.6 Tbps; the -XF licenses apply to switches with more than 3.6 Tbps and less than 6.4 Tbps; and the -XF2 licenses apply to switches with more than 6.4 Tbps.

1G Fixed Platform (GF) License	10G/25G/40G/100G Fixed Platform (XF) License	10G/25G/40G/100G Fixed Platform (XF2) License	4-Slot Modular Platform License	8-Slot, 16-Slot Modular Platform License
N9K-C9348GC-FXP	N9K-C93180YC-EX N9K-C93108TC-EX N9K-C93180LC-EX N9K-C93180YC-FX N9K-C93108TC-FX N9K-C93240YC-FX2 N9K-C93216TC-FX2 N9K-C93360YC-FX2 N9K-C9336C-FX2 N9K-C93180YC-EX-24 N9K-C93108TC-EX-24 N9K-C93180YC-FX-24 N9K-C93108TC-FX-24	N9K-C9364C N9K-C9316D-GX N9K-C93600CD-GX N9K-C9364C-GX	N9K-C9504	N9K-C9508 N9K-C9516

1G Fixed Platform (GF) License

10G/25G/40G/100G Fixed Platform (XF) License

10G/25G/40G/100G Fixed Platform (XF2) License

4-Slot Modular Platform License

8-Slot, 16-Slot Modular Platform License

N9K-C9348GC-FXP

N9K-C93180YC-EX

N9K-C93108TC-EX

N9K-C93180LC-EX

N9K-C93180YC-FX

N9K-C93108TC-FX

N9K-C93240YC-FX2

N9K-C93216TC-FX2

N9K-C93360YC-FX2

N9K-C9336C-FX2

N9K-C93180YC-EX-24

N9K-C93108TC-EX-24

N9K-C93180YC-FX-24

N9K-C93108TC-FX-24

N9K-C9364C

N9K-C9316D-GX

N9K-C93600CD-GX

N9K-C9364C-GX

N9K-C9504

N9K-C9508

N9K-C9516

License	1G Fixed Platforms (GF)	10G/25G/40G/100G Fixed Platforms (XF)	Cisco Nexus 9364C and 9300-GX Platforms (XF2)
Essentials package	C1E1TN9300GF-3Y C1E1TN9300GF-5Y	C1E1TN9300XF-3Y C1E1TN9300XF-5Y	C1E1TN9300XF2-3Y C1E1TN9300XF2-5Y
Advantage package	C1A1TN9300GF-3Y C1A1TN9300GF-5Y	C1A1TN9300XF-3Y C1A1TN9300XF-5Y	C1A1TN9300XF2-3Y C1A1TN9300XF2-5Y
Premier package⁶	C1P1TN9300GF-3Y C1P1TN9300GF-5Y	C1P1TN9300XF-3Y C1P1TN9300XF-5Y	C1P1TN9300XF2-3Y C1P1TN9300XF2-5Y
Add-On Licenses
NDB	C1-N9K-NDB-3Y C1-N9K-NDB-5Y	C1-N9K-NDB-3Y C1-N9K-NDB-5Y	C1-N9K-NDB-3Y C1-N9K-NDB-5Y ⁷
Security	C1-N9K-SEC-XF-3Y C1-N9K-SEC-XF-5Y	C1-N9K-SEC-XF-3Y C1-N9K-SEC-XF-5Y	C1-N9K-SEC-XF-3Y C1-N9K-SEC-XF-5Y
Storage	Not supported	C1-N9K-STRG-XF-3Y C1-N9K-STRG-XF-5Y ⁸	Not supported

License

1G Fixed Platforms (GF)

10G/25G/40G/100G Fixed Platforms (XF)

Cisco Nexus 9364C and 9300-GX Platforms (XF2)

Essentials package

C1E1TN9300GF-3Y

C1E1TN9300GF-5Y

C1E1TN9300XF-3Y

C1E1TN9300XF-5Y

C1E1TN9300XF2-3Y

C1E1TN9300XF2-5Y

Advantage package

C1A1TN9300GF-3Y

C1A1TN9300GF-5Y

C1A1TN9300XF-3Y

C1A1TN9300XF-5Y

C1A1TN9300XF2-3Y

C1A1TN9300XF2-5Y

Premier package⁶

C1P1TN9300GF-3Y

C1P1TN9300GF-5Y

C1P1TN9300XF-3Y

C1P1TN9300XF-5Y

C1P1TN9300XF2-3Y

C1P1TN9300XF2-5Y

Add-On Licenses

NDB

C1-N9K-NDB-3Y

C1-N9K-NDB-5Y

C1-N9K-NDB-3Y

C1-N9K-NDB-5Y

C1-N9K-NDB-3Y

C1-N9K-NDB-5Y

⁷

Security

C1-N9K-SEC-XF-3Y

C1-N9K-SEC-XF-5Y

C1-N9K-SEC-XF-3Y

C1-N9K-SEC-XF-5Y

C1-N9K-SEC-XF-3Y

C1-N9K-SEC-XF-5Y

Storage

Not supported

C1-N9K-STRG-XF-3Y

C1-N9K-STRG-XF-5Y

⁸

Not supported

⁶ The ACI Premier license package includes the ACI Essentials and ACI Advantage license packages. ⁷ The Cisco Nexus 9300-GX switches do not support NDB. ⁸ This license is available for only Cisco Nexus 93180YC-FX platform switches.

License	4-Slot Modular Platforms	8- to 16-Slot Modular Platforms
Essentials package	C1E1TN9500M4-3Y C1E1TN9500M4-5Y	C1E1TN9500M816-3Y C1E1TN9500M816-5Y
Advantage package	C1A1TN9500M4-3Y C1A1TN9500M4-5Y	C1A1TN9500M816-3Y C1A1TN9500M816-5Y
Premier package⁹	C1P1TN9500M4-3Y C1P1TN9500M4-5Y ¹⁰	C1P1TN9500M816-3Y C1P1TN9500M816-5Y ¹¹
Add-On Licenses
NDB	C1-N9K-NDB-M4-3Y C1-N9K-NDB-M4-5Y	C1-N9K-NDB-M816-3Y C1-N9K-NDB-M816-5Y

Источник: [https://torrent-igruha.org/3551-portal.html]

What’s New in the Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number?

Screen Shot

System Requirements for Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number

First, download the Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number
You can download its setup from given links:

Download link

Tags:WinAVI All in One Converter 1.1.0.3916 serial key or number SPY AGENT keygen EduIQ Advanced eLearning Builder v3.6.9 serial key or number UltraEdit v10.20 serial key or number Magic bullet mojo keygen

FREE DOWNLOAD

Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number

PMC

Kristen Jackson

Janet E. Simon

Carrie L. Docherty

Abstract

Context

Objective

Setting

Patients or Other Participants

Intervention(s)

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Results

Conclusions

Key Points

METHODS

Participants

Table 1.

Procedures

Balance Error Scoring System

Kinesiology Tape

Statistical Analysis

RESULTS

Table 2.

DISCUSSION

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

LIMITATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Cisco NX-OS Licensing Guide

Tier-Based Licenses

Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Tier-Based Licenses

What’s New in the Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number?

Screen Shot

System Requirements for Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number

About Author

admin

Add a Comment

PMC

Kristen Jackson

Janet E. Simon

Carrie L. Docherty

Abstract

Context

Objective

Setting

Patients or Other Participants

Intervention(s)

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Results

Conclusions

Key Points

METHODS

Participants

Table 1.

Procedures

Balance Error Scoring System

Kinesiology Tape

Statistical Analysis

RESULTS

Table 2.

DISCUSSION

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

LIMITATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Cisco NX-OS Licensing Guide

Tier-Based Licenses

Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Tier-Based Licenses

What’s New in the Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number?

Screen Shot

System Requirements for Balance 95 1.1 serial key or number

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