Smart Video Converter 1.2.10 serial key or number
Smart Video Converter 1.2.10 serial key or number
Homebrew Formulae
An Oracle ASM failure group is a subset of disks in an Oracle ASM disk group that can fail together because they share the same hardware.
Oracle ASM considers failure groups when making redundancy decisions.
For Oracle Exadata Storage Servers, all grid disks, which consist of the Oracle ASM disk group members and candidates, can effectively fail together if the storage cell fails. Because of this scenario, all Oracle ASM grid disks sourced from a given storage cell should be assigned to a single failure group representing the cell.
For example, if all grid disks from two storage cells, A and B, are added to a single Oracle ASM disk group with normal redundancy, then all grid disks on storage cell A are designated as one failure group, and all grid disks on storage cell B are designated as another failure group. This enables Oracle Exadata System Software and Oracle ASM to tolerate the failure of either storage cell.
Failure groups for Oracle Exadata Storage Server grid disks are set by default so that the disks on a single cell are in the same failure group, making correct failure group configuration simple for Oracle Exadata Storage Servers.
You can define the redundancy level for an Oracle ASM disk group when creating a disk group. An Oracle ASM disk group can be specified with normal or high redundancy. Normal redundancy double mirrors the extents, and high redundancy triple mirrors the extents. Oracle ASM normal redundancy tolerates the failure of a single cell or any set of disks in a single cell. Oracle ASM high redundancy tolerates the failure of two cells or any set of disks in two cells. Base your redundancy setting on your desired protection level. When choosing the redundancy level, ensure the post-failure I/O capacity is sufficient to meet the redundancy requirements and performance service levels. Oracle recommends using three cells for normal redundancy. This ensures the ability to restore full redundancy after cell failure. Consider the following:
If a cell or disk fails, then Oracle ASM automatically redistributes the cell or disk contents across the remaining disks in the disk group as long as there is enough space to hold the data. For an existing disk group using Oracle ASM redundancy, the and columns in the view give the amount of usable space and space for redundancy, respectively.
If a cell or disk fails, then the remaining disks should be able to generate the IOPS necessary to sustain the performance service level agreement.
After a disk group is created, the redundancy level of the disk group cannot be changed. To change the redundancy of a disk group, you must create another disk group with the appropriate redundancy, and then move the files.
Each Exadata Cell is a failure group. A normal redundancy disk group must contain at least two failure groups. Oracle ASM automatically stores two copies of the file extents, with the mirrored extents placed in different failure groups. A high redundancy disk group must contain at least three failure groups. Oracle ASM automatically stores three copies of the file extents, with each file extent in separate failure groups.
System reliability can diminish if your environment has an insufficient number of failure groups. A small number of failure groups, or failure groups of uneven capacity, can lead to allocation problems that prevent full use of all available storage.
Chapter 1. GNU/Linux tutorials
1.2. Unix-like filesystem
In GNU/Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, files are organized into directories. All files and directories are arranged in one big tree rooted at "". It's called a tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is upside down.
These files and directories can be spread out over several devices. mount(8) serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, umount(8) detaches it again. On recent Linux kernels, mount(8) with some options can bind part of a file tree somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or unbindable. Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in "".
Directories on Unix systems are called folders on some other systems. Please also note that there is no concept for drive such as "" on any Unix system. There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a huge advantage compared to Windows.
Here are some Unix file basics.
Filenames are case sensitive. That is, "" and "" are different files.
The root directory means root of the filesystem referred as simply "". Don't confuse this with the home directory for the root user: "".
Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols except "". The root directory is an exception; its name is "" (pronounced "slash" or "the root directory") and it cannot be renamed.
Each file or directory is designated by a fully-qualified filename, absolute filename, or path, giving the sequence of directories which must be passed through to reach it. The three terms are synonymous.
All fully-qualified filenames begin with the "" directory, and there's a "" between each directory or file in the filename. The first "" is the top level directory, and the other ""'s separate successive subdirectories, until we reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file. The words used here can be confusing. Take the following fully-qualified filename as an example: "". However, people also refers to its basename "" alone as a filename.
The root directory has a number of branches, such as "" and "". These subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as "" and "". The whole thing viewed collectively is called the directory tree. You can think of an absolute filename as a route from the base of the tree ("") to the end of some branch (a file). You also hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a family tree encompassing all direct descendants of a single figure called the root directory (""): thus subdirectories have parents, and a path shows the complete ancestry of a file. There are also relative paths that begin somewhere other than the root directory. You should remember that the directory "" refers to the parent directory. This terminology also applies to other directory like structures, such as hierarchical data structures.
There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a physical device, such as your hard disk. This differs from RT-11, CP/M, OpenVMS, MS-DOS, AmigaOS, and Microsoft Windows, where the path contains a device name such as "". (However, directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the normal filesystem. See Section 1.2.2, “Filesystem internals”.)
 | Note |
|---|---|
While you can use almost any letters or symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so. It is better to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: . If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, hyphen, and underscore. You could also capitalize each word, "". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid spaces in filenames. |
| Note |
|---|---|
The word "root" can mean either "root user" or "root directory". The context of their usage should make it clear. |
| Note |
|---|---|
The word path is used not only for fully-qualified filename as above but also for the command search path. The intended meaning is usually clear from the context. |
The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("" and hier(7)). You should remember the following facts as the starter.
Table 1.3. List of usage of key directories
| directory | usage of the directory |
|---|---|
| the root directory | |
| system wide configuration files | |
| system log files | |
| all the home directories for all non-privileged users |
1.2.2. Filesystem internals
Following the Unix tradition, the Debian GNU/Linux system provides the filesystem under which physical data on hard disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are represented in an unified manner under "".
Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an inode which describes its associated attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs to, the time last accessed, etc. The idea of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever further. Now, even information about processes running in the computer can be found in the filesystem.
This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files that are linked to running processes.
 | Tip |
|---|---|
If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the physical entity, execute mount(8) with no arguments. |
1.2.3. Filesystem permissions
Filesystem permissions of Unix-like system are defined for three categories of affected users.
The user who owns the file (u)
Other users in the group which the file belongs to (g)
All other users (o) also referred to as "world" and "everyone"
For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
The read (r) permission allows owner to examine contents of the file.
The write (w) permission allows owner to modify the file.
The execute (x) permission allows owner to run the file as a command.
For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
The read (r) permission allows owner to list contents of the directory.
The write (w) permission allows owner to add or remove files in the directory.
The execute (x) permission allows owner to access files in the directory.
Here, the execute permission on a directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the modification time.
ls(1) is used to display permission information (and more) for files and directories. When it is invoked with the "" option, it displays the following information in the order given.
Type of file (first character)
Access permission of the file (nine characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other in this order)
Number of hard links to the file
Name of the user who owns the file
Name of the group which the file belongs to
Size of the file in characters (bytes)
Date and time of the file (mtime)
Name of the file
Table 1.4. List of the first character of "" output
| character | meaning |
|---|---|
| normal file | |
| directory | |
| symlink | |
| character device node | |
| block device node | |
| named pipe | |
| socket |
chown(1) is used from the root account to change the owner of the file. chgrp(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change the group of the file. chmod(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change file and directory access permissions. Basic syntax to manipulate a file is the following.
# chown <newowner> foo # chgrp <newgroup> foo # chmod [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] fooFor example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user and shared by a group by the following.
# cd /some/location/ # chown -R foo:bar . # chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX .There are three more special permission bits.
The set user ID bit (s or S instead of user's x)
The set group ID bit (s or S instead of group's x)
The sticky bit (t or T instead of other's x)
Here the output of "" for these bits is capitalized if execution bits hidden by these outputs are unset.
Setting set user ID on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the file (for example root). Similarly, setting set group ID on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the file (for example root). Because these settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution.
Setting set group ID on a directory enables the BSD-like file creation scheme where all files created in the directory belong to the group of the directory.
Setting the sticky bit on a directory prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the owner of the file. In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable directories such as "" or in group-writable directories, one must not only reset the write permission for the file but also set the sticky bit on the directory. Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the same name by any user who has write access to the directory.
Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions.
$ ls -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /dev/ppp /usr/sbin/exim4 crw------T 1 root root 108, 0 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/ppp -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2761 Aug 30 10:38 /etc/passwd -rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1695 Aug 30 10:38 /etc/shadow -rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 973824 Sep 23 20:04 /usr/sbin/exim4 $ ls -ld /tmp /var/tmp /usr/local /var/mail /usr/src drwxrwxrwt 14 root root 20480 Oct 16 21:25 /tmp drwxrwsr-x 10 root staff 4096 Sep 29 22:50 /usr/local drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Oct 11 00:28 /usr/src drwxrwsr-x 2 root mail 4096 Oct 15 21:40 /var/mail drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Oct 16 21:20 /var/tmpThere is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with chmod(1). This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal (radix=8) numbers.
Table 1.5. The numeric mode for file permissions in chmod(1) commands
| digit | meaning |
|---|---|
| 1st optional digit | sum of set user ID (=4), set group ID (=2), and sticky bit (=1) |
| 2nd digit | sum of read (=4), write (=2), and execute (=1) permissions for user |
| 3rd digit | ditto for group |
| 4th digit | ditto for other |
This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple. If you look at the first few (2-10) columns from "" command output and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions ("-" being "0" and "rwx" being "1"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file permissions to you.
For example, try the following
$ touch foo bar $ chmod u=rw,go=r foo $ chmod 644 bar $ ls -l foo bar -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:39 bar -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo | Tip |
|---|---|
If you need to access information displayed by "" in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as test(1), stat(1) and readlink(1). The shell builtin such as "" or "" may be used too. |
1.2.4. Control of permissions for newly created files: umask
What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is restricted by the shell builtin command. See dash(1), bash(1), and builtins(7).
(file permissions) = (requested file permissions) & ~(umask value)Table 1.6. The umask value examples
| umask | file permissions created | directory permissions created | usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| writable only by the user | |||
| writable by the group |
The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it safe to set umask to since every user has their own private group. (In some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging to a single group and is a good idea to set umask to for security in such cases.)
| Tip |
|---|---|
Enable UPG by putting "" in the file. |
1.2.5. Permissions for groups of users (group)
In order to make group permissions to be applied to a particular user, that user needs to be made a member of the group using "" for and "" for . You need to login after logout (or run "") to enable the new group configuration.
| Note |
|---|---|
Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the authentication process by adding "" line to "" and setting "". (See Chapter 4, Authentication.) |
The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system. If you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group.
Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular files and devices without privilege.
Table 1.7. List of notable system-provided groups for file access
| group | description for accessible files and devices |
|---|---|
| full and direct access to serial ports ("") | |
| limited access to serial ports for Dialup IP connection to trusted peers | |
| CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives | |
| audio device | |
| video device | |
| scanner(s) | |
| system monitoring logs | |
| some directories for junior administrative work: "", "" |
| Tip |
|---|---|
You need to belong to the group to reconfigure modem, dial anywhere, etc. But if creates pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in "", you only need to belong to the group to create Dialup IP connection to those trusted peers using pppd(8), pon(1), and poff(1) commands. |
Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute particular commands without privilege.
Table 1.8. List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions
| group | accessible commands |
|---|---|
| execute without their password | |
| execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases |
For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent version of the "Users and Groups" document in "" provided by the package.
See passwd(5), group(5), shadow(5), newgrp(1), vipw(8), vigr(8), and pam_group(8) for management commands of the user and group system.
There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file.
Table 1.9. List of types of timestamps
| type | meaning (historic Unix definition) |
|---|---|
| mtime | the file modification time () |
| ctime | the file status change time () |
| atime | the last file access time () |
| Note |
|---|---|
ctime |
What’s New in the Smart Video Converter 1.2.10 serial key or number?
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System Requirements for Smart Video Converter 1.2.10 serial key or number
- First, download the Smart Video Converter 1.2.10 serial key or number
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You can download its setup from given links:
Smart Video Converter 1.2.10 serial key or number & Free Download
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Smart Video Converter 1.2.10 serial key or number
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