Sierra - F.E.A.R. (FEAR) all serial key or number
Sierra - F.E.A.R. (FEAR) all serial key or number
PMC
Summary Comments and Future Directions
This review has described, analyzed, and enumerated a series of FRBs and their potential impacts on risks and epidemiologic outcomes during the 2013–2016 West Africa EVD outbreak (Box 1). What seems apparent is that FRBs exerted considerable influence throughout all phases of the outbreak, leading to increased viral transmission, interfering with effective treatment, contributing to excess indirect mortality from non-Ebola causes, propelling psychosocial distress and risks for psychiatric disorders, and adding to cascade-like downstream phenomenon of stigma and social and societal issues.
Box 1:
| Fear-related behaviors (FRBs): Effects on the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Pandemic |
| FRBs that accelerated the spread of Ebola virus and EVD: |
| FRB1: Providing Ebola care in home settings |
| FRB2: Conducting unsafe body cleansing and burial practices |
| FRB3: Fleeing from home communities/migrating to new settings |
| FRBs that impeded the utilization of life-saving EVD treatment: |
| FRB4: Avoiding or foregoing available, life-saving Ebola treatment |
| FRB5: Health-care workers defecting from hazardous duty |
| FRB that curtailed medical services for treatable non-Ebola conditions: |
| FRB6: Avoiding life-saving treatment for non-Ebola conditions |
| FRBs that increased risks for psychological distress and psychiatric disorders: |
| FRB7: Stigmatizing Ebola survivors and EVD family members |
| FRB8: Blaming, attacking, and stigmatizing health workers |
| FRB that contributed cascades of stigma and social problems: |
| FRB9: Stigmatizing/isolating the intensive transmission nations |
Lessons Learned From the 2013–2016 EVD Outbreak
The focus on the 2013–2016 EVD outbreak yields important lessons. Consider that once the random, singular spillover event occurred (Ebola virus transmitted from a wild animal reservoir to a young human child), the propagation of the remaining 28,000 outbreak-associated cases was driven by human behaviors. The expression of FRBs potentiated the spread of disease.
How did FRBs play a role? With communicable diseases, the early cases exert disproportionate effects on the downstream cascades of infection. Therefore, some of the initial behavioral choices—to treat patients in home settings, to forego Ebola care at the treatment units, to avoid clinic-based care for non-Ebola conditions, and to continue hands-on funeral practices—contributed significantly to amplifying the magnitude of the 2013–2016 EVD outbreak.
FRBs are potentially preventable; had their effects been minimized early in the outbreak, some sizeable proportion of the outbreak-associated morbidity, mortality, economic costs, and socio-ecological consequences might have been circumvented. Quantitative modeling is yet to be conducted, but a significant proportion of the EVD cases and deaths could potentially have been prevented by intervening on FRBs. Particularly compelling was the unnecessary loss of 11,000 lives to illnesses that could have been treated effectively; these were primarily deaths from HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, coupled with excess maternal and neonatal mortality related to unattended childbirths.
Here are five specific lessons learned from the 2013–2016 EVD outbreak:
Apply the “science” of health communication early on and resist the temptation to show grotesque images that research suggests did not work but accelerated the spread. EVD survivors tell us that the early message that EVD kills everyone that gets it was one that contributed to the spread.
Recognize that communities that endured unresolved trauma are more likely to respond to the cumulative effects of traumatic events. In Liberia, the dead bodies in the street from EVD were eerily similar to dead bodies from the civil war. Peacetime is the time to address past psychological trauma.
Attend to the social fabric of the society. Evidence from SARS and the EVD outbreak shows that communities where social cohesion and trust were high did a good job of pulling together, following basic norms about keeping safe. Those communities in Liberia that didn’t believe the government tended to be the ones that denied, often at their peril, the reality of EVD.
Create a robust health-care system that engenders trust and attenuates fear. The global health community ought to attend to those countries with weak health-care systems since they can and will end up exporting the next infectious epidemic.
Devise communication and awareness-raising strategies, behavioral interventions, risk governance, and community engagement approaches that can diminish the disease impact of FRBs in the future pandemics.
The Study of Fear-Related Behaviors
The study of FRBs is best conducted collaboratively, linking expertise from the disciplines of disaster psychiatry, medical anthropology, disaster behavioral health, public health, emergency medicine, emergency management, and risk governance. Examining FRBs prioritizes the very central role played by psychological reactions that transform into behaviors that in turn, produce a range of consequences in situations of mass threat.
Co-authors and colleagues representing these complementary disciplines are exploring how to quantify and model FRBs to provide actionable guidance for planning and intervening in future pandemics as well as a broader range of disasters and extreme events. Initial observations regarding FRBs include the following:
Fear-related behaviors (FRBs) are amenable to modification in a manner that decreases the risk of physical and psychological harm and improves public physical and mental health. The corollary is that fear and fear reactions can also be manipulated to amplify risks (as what happens in acts of terrorism).
Creating an operational definition of FRBs is an important step toward quantification, detection, monitoring, and timely modification.
FRBs can be modeled and used for scenario development and complex action planning in the context of risk governance.
To the extent that risk-elevating FRBs can be prevented, mitigated, or modified, harm (morbidity, mortality, economic costs, and sociocultural consequences) may be diminished. Moreover, mitigation of FRBs will support the effectiveness of governance systems and public order, especially in least developed countries.
Future Directions for the Study of FRBs and the Link to Disaster Mental Health
The study of FRBs is applicable to a wide range of mass threat and mass casualty scenarios. Infectious disease epidemics, as exemplified by the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak or pandemic influenza, are potentiated by FRBs. FRBs are integral determinants of the severity of physical, psychological, and social as well as societal consequences across the continuum of emergencies, disasters, and catastrophes. FRBs are highly relevant during intentional human-generated events, particularly when harm is purposefully inflicted to elicit fear and terror—and to propagate FRBs themselves—for political or ideological purposes.
Among the many disciplines at the forefront in the exploration of FRBs, and the development of strategies to decouple FRBs before they set off cascades of consequences, none is more important than disaster mental health. Disaster psychiatrists will be called upon to provide key leadership. As a starting point, one of the legacies of the 2013–2016 EVD pandemic will be that of laying the groundwork for investigating, understanding, and intervening on FRBs.
Take Home Points on Fear and FRBs
Fear as a Protective Factor
Fear is critical to species survival.
Fear of mass threats, including pandemic infectious diseases, is widespread, normative, understandable, and expectable.
Fear may be channeled and redirected in a manner that decreases risk.
Fear as a Risk Factor
Fear may spread within a population by contagion.
Fear creates fear. Fear propagates fear. Fear amplifies fear.
Freeze Monitor is a fully computerized system designed to study cued and contextual fear conditioning. The system’s tightly spaced 16×16 photobeam array monitors animal movement with exceptional accuracy. Beam spacing of just .75 inches ensures that activity of the smallest subjects is recorded.
During your freeze monitoring test, the software will record latency to movement after a “freezing” event. By connecting up to 4 freeze monitors to your computer via USB interface, the software sets up easily with no technical knowledge required.
The Freeze Monitor contains a sound cue, light cue and shocker unit with 8 distinct outputs. The shocker unit insures that the animal cannot discern a shock pattern providing accurate behavior. In addition, a hexagonal opaque drop in Context Box is used providing the same sound and light cues for Contextual Fear Conditioning.
Highlights of the Freeze Monitor Include:
Connect Up to 4 Freeze Monitors Using a Standard USB Port
Eliminate specialized interface cards and drivers requiring extensive technical knowledge to set up. The Freeze Monitor utilizes a standard USB to serial converter cable to connect the Freeze Monitors to your laptop or PC. SDI can provide a fully configure computer or laptop for a minimal price.
Freeze Monitor Software
The Freeze Monitor software gives you more flexibility than ever. Define your complete study in advance in a single file by pre-assigning specific animals to specific test stations for each test session and assign a predefined test definition to each test session. The software will automatically record your session data and store it in the Study’s file keeping all data together. When you are ready, you’ll be able to display your data right on your computer monitor or choose to export it with one click to Microsoft® Excel or to a delimited file type(TAB, CSV, etc.).
The Test Definitions control the Light, Sound and Shock stimuli and the Latency durations for monitoring the subject. Each stimuli duration is controlled by the Test Definitions. The shock level is also set in the Test Definitions. Another key feature is the setting of the Inter-Test intervals either for fixed durations or random durations. The Test Definitions can be saved and reused in multiple studies assuring accuracy and eliminating redundant data entry saving you time.
A study will contain multiple discrete test sessions using some number of subjects. You can define each of these test sessions in advance entering session parameters and assigning the Test Definition to the session. All this data is kept in a single file in table format. This approach assures accuracy of data and assures tight coupling of results data with the correct subject.
Each Session is selected from the Study definition and Subject Id’s, Dose Groups and Subject Variables are entered for each test station. You can choose the Start All option or the individual Start Option for each test station.
The Freeze Monitor software makes the table formatted results available for direct export to Microsoft® Excel or to a delimited file type (TAB, CSV, etc.). All data is identified by column headers. Storage of all data in a single file assures that no data is missing. The elimination of the need to aggregate multiple single files and possibly reformat them again assures accuracy of results and saves you significant time. In addition the data can be reported either by the Freeze Monitor software or the Freeze Detector. The Freeze Monitor software provides a report that follows the human observation method showing latencies to movement at periodic intervals. The Freeze Detector program provides you with a settable Freeze Episode duration parameter. Any immobility exceeding this parameter is considered a “freezing episode”. Number of “freezing episode” and duration of each “freezing episode” are reported. This dual reporting feature provides you with two different analyses of the software assuring accurate analysis.
Ensure Accuracy and Streamline Testing with Drop-In Context Box
The uniquely-shaped hexagon Context Box drops inside the Freeze Monitor enclosure. The specialized plastic allows the photobeams to shine through to monitor the animal behavior, providing two key advantages: One, ensure accurate results by running the same test definition as with the cued test, and two, you will eliminate the need for a separate context test station.
System components
- Acrylic test enclosure with integrated shocker, cue light and Sonalert acoustic stimulus unit, includes excreta pan
- Stainless steel grid shock floor
- All required cables and connectors
- Freeze Monitor Context Enclosure (optional)
- Isolation Cabinet (optional)
F.E.A.R.
F.E.A.R. is a series of first-person shootersurvival horror video games developed by Monolith Productions. There are three main games, F.E.A.R., F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin and F.E.A.R. 3, with additional expansion packs. F.E.A.R., F.E.A.R. Extraction Point and F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate were published by Vivendi Games through Sierra Entertainment, while the rest of the games were published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The series is known for its horror gameplay and its main antagonist, Alma Wade.
Synopsis[edit]
The games mostly revolve around the F.E.A.R. team (First Encounter Assault Recon) having to fight against a paranormal entity, Alma Wade, a young psychic girl who was experimented on and imprisoned by Armacham Technology Corporation. Alma becomes a powerful psychic entity filled with rage and an insatiable bloodlust. In the first and third games, the player is the Point Man, a silent protagonist and member of F.E.A.R. The second game's playable character is Michael Becket, a member of the Delta Force. Each game has a different objective but same main plot: Find and neutralize Alma Wade before she tears apart the fabric of reality in her unforgiving rage.
Games[edit]
F.E.A.R.[edit]
This game is the first in the main series where the player takes control of the Point Man, who tries to stop the psychic cannibal Paxton Fettel, who has gained control of supersoldiers created by Armacham Technology Corporation or ATC.
F.E.A.R. Extraction Point[edit]
This game is the first of two expansions for the first game F.E.A.R. and it takes place in a different timeline concerning the Point Man and F.E.A.R. team.
F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate[edit]
This game is the second of two expansions for the first game F.E.A.R. taking place during the first game with the Sergent as the main character, trying to survive with his squad members and takes place in a different timeline.
F.E.A.R. Files[edit]
A compilation which includes Extraction Point and Perseus Mandate. It is exclusive to the Xbox 360. It was released in November 2007.
Reviews of the package noted that it was, as expected, more F.E.A.R. action for fans of the original. The IGN review of F.E.A.R. Files noted that while the game maintains its solid core mechanics, it doesn't do enough to expand upon them or offer a truly new experience. As a result, the title earned a 6.7/10, "Passable" rating.[1]GameSpot rated the title a slightly higher 7.0/10, "Good", based on the solid gameplay, even though the Perseus Mandate graphical quality was considered lackluster.[2]
F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin[edit]
This game is the second in the main series where the player takes control of Michael Becket (instead of Point Man) who, after engaging in a mission to save Genevieve Aristide, is forced to survive and destroy Alma Wade who has been causing a paranormal crisis due to her vengeance and rage.
F.E.A.R. 2: Reborn[edit]
This game is the expansion for the second game F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin and it takes place before F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin and this time has one of Replica soldiers named Foxtrot 813 as the protagonist who is controlled by Paxton Fettel and is told to free him from the psychic amplifier.
F.E.A.R. 3[edit]
This game is the third and final in the main series where the player takes control of the Point Man again, who teams up with his brother Paxton Fettel (who was killed by him in F.E.A.R.) to stop Alma Wade from giving birth (after raping Michael Becket in F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin) though Fettel is against Point Man killing Alma and the baby.
F.E.A.R. Online[edit]
Aeria Games and Warner Brothers developed a free-to-play online multiplayer game called F.E.A.R. Online that was unveiled to the public by launching the official site in 2013. The game featured a four-player co-op option along with the traditional demolition and deathmatch game modes. The return of Soul King mode was also announced. The storyline of the game is paralleled to F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin.[3]
Aeria Games announced that F.E.A.R. Online would enter closed beta beginning May 26, 2014. The new testing period ushered in new maps, a new scenario, an enhanced crafting system allowing players to craft exclusive items and numerous bug fixes. The game entered open beta on October 8, 2014 and was meant to be released on October 17, 2014 on Steam.[3] However, the game shut down its servers on May 13, 2015 due to lack of support and patches.
Reception[edit]
On its release, the F.E.A.R. series has received "generally positive" reviews according to Metacritic.
References[edit]
- ^Brudvig, Erik (2007-11-06). "IGN: F.E.A.R. Files Review". IGN.
- ^Ocampo, Jason (2007-11-27). "F.E.A.R. Files for Xbox 360 Review". GameSpot.
- ^ abMakuch, Eddie (29 September 2014). "Horror Shooter F.E.A.R. Online Launching In October, PC Specs Revealed". Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^"F.E.A.R. Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. Extraction Point Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- ^"F.E.A.R. Extraction Point Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^"F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- ^"F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^"F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. 2 Reborn Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^"F.E.A.R. 3 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. 3 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^"F.E.A.R. 3 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
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